Neurodevelopmental disorders

"Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) are types of disorder that influence how the brain functions and alters neurological development, causing difficulties in social, cognitive, and emotional functioning" (Blain, 2022). The common types of neurodevelopmental disorders include - ADHD and Autism.

NDs often begin during developmental phases, making toddlers, children, and adolescents the most affected, although they can remain until maturity or even go untreated until an adult. During early childhood or infancy, the majority of neurodevelopmental problems manifest. Even before birth, certain people are present. Adults may receive a diagnosis later in life, however this is less frequently the case.

Types of neurodevelopmental disorders

There are many forms of neurodevelopmental disorders, but a few prevalent ones include:

• Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD)
• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• Cerebral palsy
• Communication disorders
• Conduct disorders
• Intellectual disabilities
• Learning disorders
• Neurodevelopmental motor disorders

Each has their own definition and how they affect the person who has the type of disorder. However, they all come under one single disorder known as neurodevelopmental disorders.

Symptoms

ND symptoms vary depending on the specific ND, however generally speaking, these deficits are present:

• Poor school performance
• Difficulty following rules
• Excess energy
• Language deficits
• Isolation in social relationships
• Difficulty controlling emotions.

The symptoms may vary according to the type of neurodevelopmental disorder a person has.

Causes

The cause for the development of neurodevelopmental disorder is not yet precise. The development of NDs may occur for a number of causes.

1. Genetics - intellectual disability symptoms have been related to particular genes. However, rather than being solely inherited, the majority of neurodevelopmental diseases may have several origins.
2. Environmental risk - a preterm delivery (before 9 months) and prenatal or childhood exposure to environmental toxins like mercury and lead are other factors that might affect a pregnancy's outcome. Other factors include financial situation and a lack of resources.

A preterm delivery (before 9 months) and prenatal or childhood exposure to environmental toxins like mercury and lead are other factors that might affect a pregnancy's outcome. Other factors include financial situation and a lack of resources. Recently, it has been recognized that adverse early childhood experiences, such as abuse, neglect, or toxic settings, are a major risk factor for the development of many illnesses, including NDs.

All of the above mentioned are said to be the reasons for the causes for the likelihood of neurodevelopmental disorder. Though the reasons are not yet found out on how, why and what the exact causes are.

Treatment

There are a few helpful therapies, but there aren't many therapy alternatives for those with NDs. There are strategies for controlling and living with symptoms of NDs even if there is no known treatment. The treatment methods include:

Behavioral therapy

It has been demonstrated that treatments including applied behavioral analysis (ABA), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), speech therapy, and developmental therapy are helpful for ND symptoms. It focuses on challenging and eliminating false or unreasonable ideas in order to change dysfunctional emotions, actions, and thoughts.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

rTMS is a stimulation technique that is frequently used for treating depression, but studies have shown promise for its potential to help people with NDs. It may help reduce anxiety and helps regulate activity in the brain that processes certain functions and actions. Some patients with ASD benefited from rTMS therapy in terms of social behavior and functioning.

Medication

Both toddlers and adults with NDs are occasionally administered medication. Doctors may recommend medicine particularly for ADHD to assist manage symptoms including hyperactivity, agitation, inattentiveness, etc. Drugs designed to improve cognition include stimulants, antidepressants, and other medications.

Conventional and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

The management of ND symptoms might also include good nutrition, regular exercise, and leisure pursuits. It's crucial for kids and people with NDs to establish good lifestyle patterns. Before seeking medication or in addition to it, there are alternative choices that are considered, including vitamins and mind/body techniques like acupuncture, yoga, etc.

Summary

The symptoms of NDs, which frequently remain throughout a person's life, can be difficult for interactions, productivity, social skills, and communication. They may impose restrictions on an individual and affect their capacity to contribute to society. When coping and therapy strategies are used effectively, a person can still have a full life. Another aspect of the quality of life for those with NDs is the support of family and caregivers.

The best method to learn how to manage this disease is to speak with a therapist or healthcare professional. They could choose to employ both types of treatment or select which course of action and dosage are optimal for the disease being presented.

References:

Blain, T. (2022). What To Know About Neurodevelopmental Disorders. [online] Verywell Mind. Available at: https://www.verywellmind.com/neurodevelopmental-disorders-definition-symptoms-traits-causes-treatment-5221231 [Accessed: 15 Jul. 2023].

Grohol, John.M. (2013). Neurodevelopmental Disorders in the DSM 5: Changes and Definitions. [online] Psych Central. Available at: https://psychcentral.com/pro/dsm-5-changes-neurodevelopmental-disorders#5 [Accessed: 15 Jul. 2023].

Levi, D.B. (2022). Neurodevelopmental Disorder: What it is, symptoms and treatment. [online] TibHealth.com - Health and Medical Information. Available at: https://www.tibhealth.com/12766/ [Accessed: 15 Jul. 2023].

StudySmarter (2023). Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Definition & Examples. [online] StudySmarter US. Available at: https://www.studysmarter.us/explanations/psychology/clinical-psychology/neurodevelopmental-disorders/ [Accessed 15 Jul. 2023].