Zainab Amjad
Stories (27/0)
Crystallization
Crystallization Introduction The process of creating crystals from solutions is known as crystallization. Introduction: The production of crystals—well-defined, organized arrangements of atoms, ions, or molecules—is a basic process in chemistry and material science. When a solute precipitates out of a solution, solid crystalline structures start to develop as a result.
By Zainab Amjad about a year ago in Education
Centrifugation.
Centrifugation Separating mixture components using centrifugal force is known as centrifugation. Introduction: Because different components of a mixture have varying densities, centrifugation is a widely used technique in many scientific and industrial domains to separate the components of a mixture. To achieve effective separation, it uses the centrifugal force principle.
By Zainab Amjad about a year ago in Education
Titration
Titration: A Crucial Analytical Chemistry Technique Introduction Titration is a common analytical chemistry method for figuring out how much of a drug is in a sample. A solution with a known concentration (the titrant) is gradually added to a solution with an unknown concentration (the analyte) until a chemical reaction between the two is complete. The amount of titrant needed to attain the reaction endpoint can be used to determine the analyte concentration. The titration procedure is described in general terms in this assignment, along with its principles, variations, and uses.
By Zainab Amjad about a year ago in Education
Prokaryotes
INTRODUCTION Prokaryotic organisms are unicellular creatures without a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic growth is the increase in the number of cells in these organisms. These organisms, which are renowned for their quick development and flexibility, lack a real nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. The genetic material contained in their cytoplasm and the external environment that regulate their growth and reproduction. These organisms cannot survive or reproduce without the prokaryotic growth process.
By Zainab Amjad about a year ago in Education
Macrophages
Macrophages Introduction: Macrophages are a particular class of immune cell that are crucial to the innate immune response. Macrophages located all over the body so they have a number of roles including phagocytosis (the capture of invading microorganisms), antigen presentation, cytokine release, tissue healing, and remodelling. Macrophages can differentiate into many subtypes based on their environment and external stimuli. They are a component of the innate immune system, which serves as the body's first line of defence against pathogen invasion. Macrophages are derived from circulating monocytes, which migrate to tissues where they differentiate into macrophages. The term macrophage is formed by the combination of the Greek terms "makro" meaning big and "phagein" meaning eat.
By Zainab Amjad about a year ago in Education
Role of iodine
Iodine Introduction: Iodine is a solid, non-metallic, dark-gray or purple-black substance. Iodine is the least reactive and the most electropositive halogen. Iodine is only marginally soluble in water, however it dissolves in other solvents, such as carbon tetrachloride.
By Zainab Amjad about a year ago in Education
Carbohydrates
Introduction: A class of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) that include many hydroxyl groups and are found in nature. On complete hydrolysis, several of their carbohydrate derivatives also form these types of molecules. Sugars and carbohydrates are the most numerous organic substances in nature, and they are also known as "saccharides." Some carbohydrates can be dissolved in water. Carbohydrates are made up entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, and their typical formula is Cn(H2O)n.
By Zainab Amjad about a year ago in Education
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes: Introduction: Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cells that are important components of the immune system. These cells are in charge of identifying and eliminating foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and other diseases. Lymphocytes also encourage tissue healing and stop the growth of malignant cells.
By Zainab Amjad about a year ago in Education
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Introduction: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are chemical molecules with fused aromatic rings made primarily of hydrogen and carbon atoms that are both highly lipophilic and hydrophobic. These aromatic compounds are poisonous substances with a variety of structures that are semi- or non-volatile in nature, non-biodegradable, and persistent in the environment. These substances are released through industrial activities, cooking, burning of fossil fuels and wood, volcanic eruptions, and forest fires.
By Zainab Amjad about a year ago in Education