Carnatic Music

Carnatic music, also known as Karnatak music, is a subgenre of Indian classical music originating from South India. This intricate, rhythmically detailed, and melody-focused music has roots in the ancient Hindu traditions, specifically the Vedas and the Natyashastra, which are foundational texts on performing arts1. Let’s delve a bit deeper into its history and characteristics:

Origins and Name:

• The term “Carnatic music” owes its name to the Sanskrit term Karnātaka Sangītam, which denotes “traditional” or “codified” music. The corresponding Tamil concept is known as Tamil Isai.
• These terms are used by scholars to uphold the “classical” credentials and establish the “scientific” moorings of traditional music.
• Besides Sanskrit and Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam have long been used for song lyrics.

Evolution and Influences:

• The origins of South Indian music trace back to prehistoric times. Musical instruments have been a favorite subject for sculptors, painters, and ancient Tamil and Sanskrit texts.
• Vocal and instrumental genres have since coalesced into a single body of compositions and themes, forming the basis for creative elaboration and self-expression.
• Several strands have intertwined throughout Indian music history, resulting in an amalgam of different “regional” or “indigenous” styles (dēsi).
• Carnatic music displays the use of religious themes, influenced by the pan-Indian Bhakti movement in the 15th-16th century.

Key Concepts:

Three fundamental concepts are essential for daily practice and appreciation:

• Rāga: Tuneful rendition with minute intervals and rich embellishments.
• Tāla: Rhythmic order marked by mathematical precision.
• Bhāva: Expression of thoughts and emotions.

The very first song taught for generations, even before learners grasp other distinguishing concepts, is “Srīgananātha” (Gītam) in the Malahari rāga and Rūpaka tāla.

Purandara Dāsa (1484-1564) introduced a music course that continues to be followed today.

Melodic Structure:

• Hundreds of rāga-s (melody types) have been distributed among the 72 melakarta rāgas (scales) since the 17th century.
• The prevalent type of song, known as kriti (lit. “creation”), was popularized by revered poet-composers like Tyāgarāja, Syāma Sāstri, and Muttusvāmi Dīkshitar (the “Trinity” of Carnatic music) and their disciples.

Legendary Carnatic Musicians

Dikshitar, Tyagaraja, and Shyama Sastri (The Trinity):

• These three composers are considered the pillars of Carnatic music. They created several hundred compositions that continue to be celebrated by musicians and music lovers alike.
• Thyagaraja (1767-1847) is renowned for his soul-stirring compositions, including the famous “Endaro Mahanubhavulu.”
• Muthuswami Dikshitar (1775-1835) enriched Carnatic music with his intricate compositions, often in Sanskrit.
• Shyama Sastri (1762-1827) contributed devotional compositions, emphasizing bhakti (devotion) and raga exploration.

Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar (1890-1967):

• Known for his emotive renditions, he was a master of intricate ragas and lyrical expression.
• His performances left a lasting impact on Carnatic music enthusiasts.

M. S. Subbulakshmi (1916-2004):

• A legendary vocalist and Bharat Ratna awardee, she mesmerized audiences with her divine voice.
• Her rendition of the Venkateswara Suprabhatam is iconic.

Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer (1908-2003):

• A stalwart in Carnatic music, he was known for his impeccable sruti alignment and lyrical depth.
• His renditions of ragas like Kalyani and Todi are unforgettable.

Madurai Mani Iyer (1912-1968):

• His soulful singing and intricate gamakas (ornamentations) left a profound impact.
• His rendition of “Kamakshi” in the raga Bhairavi is a classic.

M. L. Vasanthakumari (1928-1990):

• A versatile artist, she excelled in both vocal and veena playing.
• Her rendition of the raga Kharaharapriya is celebrated.

Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna (1930-2016):

• A musical genius, he composed in various languages and experimented with ragas.
• His “Endaro Mahanubhavulu” in the raga Sri is a masterpiece.

Each artist has contributed uniquely to this timeless tradition, and their legacy continues to inspire generations of musicians. 🎶🌟

In summary, Carnatic music is a rich and vibrant tradition that continues to be studied worldwide for its continuity, infinite variety, and capacity for self-rejuvenation. 🎵🌟