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Creative Diagnostics is a leading manufacturer and supplier of antibodies, viral antigens, innovative diagnostic components, and critical assay reagents.
Stories (11/0)
Staphylococcus Aureus Enterotoxin B Detection Method
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important class of food-borne pathogens that cause food contamination and food poisoning, and is also a symbiont of human skin and mucous membranes. Studies have found that about 20%~30 % of healthy individuals carry Staphylococcus aureus. Animal foods are susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus infection, such as milk, butter, cured ham, etc. Food poisoning incidents caused by Staphylococcus aureus have been frequently reported, and more than 95% of them are caused by enterotoxin. According to reports, the United States and Canada accounted for 33% and 45% of food poisoning incidents caused by staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), respectively. Epidemiological studies have shown that Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A can be produced under more suitable environmental conditions (temperature 7~47, pH 4℃~10) and growth phase (logarithmic growth phase or transition to stable phase) Staphylococcal enterotoxin A(SEA), Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), Staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 (SEC1), Staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED) and other about 23 serotypes, they are similar in structure and function with molecular weight of 27.5~30 kDa. Among the above-mentioned SEs, SEB is one of the most common biotoxins reported so far, and it is also a typical biotoxin that causes food poisoning. In order to detect SEB, researchers have developed different detection methods, among which the main detection methods are biological methods, immunological methods, gene probe methods, instrumental analysis methods and biosensing methods.
By Creative Diagnostics15 days ago in Humans
What is Herpes Simplex Virus
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) belongs to the herpesvirus alpha subfamily and has a unique 4-layer structure. The core of HSV is a linear double-stranded DNA of about 152 000 bp, surrounded by an icosahedral capsid. The outer capsid is a membrane, which contains more than 20 important proteins that can regulate the virus replication cycle. It is a characteristic structure of herpes viruses, can connect the capsid and envelope to form a complete virus particle. The outermost layer of HSV is the lipid bilayer envelope, which contains at least 12 viral membrane proteins (gB, gC, gD, gE, gG, gH, gI, gJ, gK, gL, gM, gN). Entry into host cells and viral immune evasion are both critical.
By Creative Diagnosticsabout a month ago in Humans
B Cell Differentiation
What Are B Cells? B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, develop from hematopoietic precursor cells which play a central role in the immune-pathogenesis of glomerulonephritides and transplant rejection. B cells can secrete antibodies through multiple mechanisms and their antibodies are the central elements of humoral immunity which against an almost unlimited variety of pathogens. In addition to that, B cells contribute to disease pathogenesis by providing costimulation and cytokines to T cells. B cells also play an immunomodulatory role in regulating the immune response by secreting cytokines that inhibit disease onset and progression. B cell–targeted approaches for treating immune diseases of the kidney and other organs have gained significant momentum. However, much remains to be understood about B cell biology in order to determine the timing, duration, and context of optimal therapeutic response to B cell–targeted approaches.
By Creative Diagnostics3 months ago in Humans
Blood-brain Barrier Permeability
The blood-brain barrier is a barrier system in which the capillary endothelial cells in the brain are closely connected to each other while interacting with surrounding pericytes and astrocytes. It precisely controls the exchange of substances between blood and brain tissue, which is essential for maintaining the stability of the microenvironment in the brain. Studies show that the cells that make up the blood-brain barrier regulate the development and function of the blood-brain barrier by expressing tight and adherent connexins, transporters, and related signaling molecules. In addition, neurons and microglia are also involved in the regulation of the blood-brain barrier under physiological and pathological conditions. Recent studies have shown that the occurrence and development of various neurological diseases are accompanied by the destruction of the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, the study of the blood-brain barrier will deepen the understanding of neuro-vascular interactions and provides an important theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases.
By Creative Diagnostics4 months ago in Education
DNA Modifying Enzymes
Introduction of DNA Modifying Enzymes DNA stores the genetic information on which organisms depend for survival and reproduction. The integrity of DNA molecules is critical to cellular function. So the DNA of human organism cells is constantly damaged by various external factors (such as ultraviolet light, electric radiation, chemical poisons, Figure 1) and endogenous factors (such as free radicals produced by metabolic intermediates). Cells can occur 104 times damages in a day. If the damage cannot be repaired in time, it will lead to apoptosis, uncontrolled cell growth, genetic variation and malignant tumors. For example, excessive exposure of human skin to strong sunlight can easily contribute to skin cancer. Mammalian DNA repair methods include direct repair (DR), mismatch repair (MMR), base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), and double strand break repair (DSBR) including homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).
By Creative Diagnostics4 months ago in Education
An Overview of PD-1/PD-L
In recent years, monoclonal antibody therapy against immunological checkpoints has made breakthroughs in cancer treatment, especially in the treatment of various tumors such as melanoma, lung cancer, kidney cancer and bladder cancer. The mechanism of action is briefly described below. In cell immune, the immune response of T cells is regulated by complex inhibitory signals (also known as “immunization checkpoints”) to prevent uncontrolled immune responses or even autoimmune diseases. Among them, programmed death molecule 1 (PD-1) plays an important role in immunization checkpoints. PD-1 is expressed on the surface of T cells and belongs to the co-inhibitory molecule, playing a similar role as a “brake” in the immune system. The ligand for PD-1 includes PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) and PD-L2. PD-L1 is mainly induced on immune cells (such as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes) and epithelial cells (such as tumor cells), while PD-L2 is expressed only on APC cells. This means that PD-1 ligand PD-L1 is expressed on both tumor cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, but not on antigen-presenting cells. Therefore, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibits T cell activation mainly in the tumors micro environment.
By Creative Diagnostics8 months ago in Education
What is Hippocampus?
The hippocampus is one of the most studied parts of the brain (the cerebral cortex) in the central nervous system of mammals. Because the shape is similar to the hippocampus, it is called the hippocampus. In the human brain, the hippocampus is mainly responsible for learning and memory. The short-term memory in daily life is stored in the hippocampus. If a memory segment, such as a phone number or a person is repeatedly mentioned in a short time, the hippocampus will be transferred to the cerebral cortex and become a permanent memory.
By Creative Diagnostics8 months ago in Writers
Influenza A: Unraveling the Mystery of H1N1 and H3N2
Influenza A viruses, the culprits of respiratory illness in humans, are a complex and multifaceted group of viruses. Among the numerous subtypes of Influenza A, H1N1 and H3N2 with a notorious history of causing seasonal epidemics and pandemics, demand special attention.
By Creative Diagnostics9 months ago in Humans
Challenges in Malaria Vaccine Development
Introduction Malaria is caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites. Plasmodium belongs to unicellular eukaryote, and the Plasmodium that infects human body mainly comprises 5 kinds: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium knowlesi. Among them, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the most widespread in the global epidemic area, and Plasmodium falciparum is the most important species that causes the death of malaria patients. The life cycle of Plasmodium is complex and mainly includes three stages: infrared stage, red inner stage and mosquito stage. Among them, both the red inner stage and the infrared stage of Plasmodium carry out asexual development and reproduction in the human body, while the mosquito stage carries out sexual reproduction and spore proliferation and development in Anopheles mosquitoes. In order to control and eliminate malaria, corresponding candidate vaccines are mainly designed for the three stages of the life cycle of Plasmodium, in order to block the life cycle of Plasmodium from multiple links. The infrared phase is the initial stage of malaria parasite infection, and it is also the main period leading to the recurrence of malaria. Blocking the development of malaria parasites in the infrared phase can control the infection and resurgence of malaria parasites from the source. Therefore, the infrared phase vaccine is also called malaria preventive; red-phase vaccines mainly reduce clinical morbidity and mortality, so they are also called malaria therapeutic vaccines; mosquito-phase vaccines mainly block the transmission of malaria parasites, so they are also called transmission-blocking vaccines.
By Creative Diagnostics9 months ago in Humans
What is Antibody-Dependent Enhancement
After the host is infected by the virus, the immune system can generate a corresponding immune response. Antibodies specific to viral surface proteins produced at this time can often prevent the virus from adhering to the surface of host cells, making it incapable of infecting cells. However, in some cases, antibodies play the opposite role during viral infection, they assist the virus to enter the target cells and increase the infection rate, this phenomenon is antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
By Creative Diagnostics10 months ago in Humans
Breakthrough Ideas for Parkinson’s Disease Treatment
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by bilateral motor (eg, bradykinesia, resting tremor, postural instability, rigidity) and nonmotor (eg, memory loss, depression) disability. About 10 million people worldwide suffer from Parkinson’s disease. Current PD treatments are limited to motor symptom management, such as dopamine replacement therapy or enhancing the activity of remaining dopaminergic neurons. There are no known treatments that slow progression or prevent the onset of the disease. Furthermore, PD patients are growing at an unprecedented rate and are expected to increase to 17.5 million by 2040. Although aging remains a major risk factor for PD, more than 20 genes have been found to be associated with PD onset and progression, suggesting therapeutic potential for Parkinson’s disease.
By Creative Diagnostics10 months ago in Humans
