ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

I’d like you to take a second and look at yourself.

I don’t mean take stock of your life, which isn't any of my business, but I mean just

look at your body.

Hold up a hand and wiggle it around. Take a sip of water. Hold your breath. Sniff the air.

These things are so simple for most of us that we don’t give them a moment’s thought.

But each one of those things is, oh, SO much more complex than it feels.

Every movement you make, every new day that you live to see, is the result of a

collection of systems working together to function properly.

In short, you, my friend, are a magnificent beast.

You are more convoluted and prolific and polymorphously awesome than you probably even

dare to think.

For instance, did you know that, if they were all stretched out, your intestines would be about as long

as a three-story building is tall?

Or that by the time you reach old age, you’ll have produced enough saliva to fill more than

one swimming pool?

Or that you lose about two-thirds of a kilogram every year in dead skin cells? And you will

lose more than 50 kilograms of them in your lifetime? Just tiny, dried-up pieces of you, drifting

around your house, and settling on your bookshelves, feeding entire colonies of dust mites.

You’re your little world.

And I’m here to help you get to know the body that you call a home, through the twin

disciplines of anatomy - the study of the structure and relationships between body parts,

and physiology - the science of how those parts come together to function and keep

that body alive.

Anatomy is all about what your body is, and physiology is about what it does. And together, they

comprise the science of us.

It’s a complicated science - I’m not gonna lie to you - and it draws on a lot of other

disciplines, like chemistry and even physics. And you’ll have to absorb a lot of new terms

- lots of Latin, gobs of Greek.

But this course isn't just gonna be an inventory of your

parts, or a diagram of how a slice of pizza gives you energy.

Because these disciplines are really about why you’re alive right now, how you came

to be alive, how disease harms you, and how your body recovers from illness and injury.

It's about the big-picture things that we either spend most of our time thinking about,

or trying not to think about death, sex, eating, sleeping, and even the act

of thinking itself.

They’re all processes that we can understand through anatomy and physiology.

If you pay attention, and if I do my job well enough, you’ll come out of this course with

a richer, more complete understanding not only of how your body works, to produce everything

from a handshake to heart attacks, but I think you’ll also start to see that you

are more than just the sum of your parts.

We have come to understand the living body by studying a lot of dead ones.

And for a long time, we did this mostly in secret.

For centuries, the dissection of human bodies was very taboo in many societies. And as a

result, the study of anatomy has followed a long, slow, and often creepy road.

The 2nd-century Greek physician Galen gleaned what he could about the human form by performing

vivisections on pigs.

Da Vinci poked around dead bodies while sketching his beautifully detailed anatomical drawings,

until the pope made him stop.

It wasn’t until the 17th and 18th centuries that certified anatomists were allowed to

perform tightly regulated human dissections -- and they were so popular that they were

often public events, with admission fees, attended by the likes of Michelangelo and Rembrandt

The study of human anatomy became such a craze in Europe that grave robbing became lucrative,

if not legal, occupation … until 1832, when Britain passed the Anatomy Act, which provided

students with plentiful corpses, in the form of executed murderers.

Today, students of anatomy and physiology still use educational cadavers to learn, in

person and hands-on, what’s inside a human body by dissecting them.

And it’s legal. The cadavers are volunteers -- which is what people mean when

they say they’re “donating their body to science.”

So what have all of these dead bodies shown us?

Well, one big idea we see over and over is that the function of a cell or an organ or

a whole organism always reflects its form.

Blood flows in one direction through your heart simply because its valves prevent it

from flowing backwards

In the same way, your bones are strong and hard and this allows them to protect and

support all your soft parts.

The basic idea -- that what a structure can do depends on its specific form -- is called

the complementarity of structure and function.

And it holds through every level of your body’s organization, from cell to tissue

to system.

And it begins with the smallest of the small: atoms.

Just like the chair you’re sitting on, you are just a conglomeration of atoms -- about 7

octillion of them, to be precise.

Fortunately for both of us here, we've covered the basics of chemistry that every incoming

physiology student needs to know, in Crash Course Chemistry. So I’ll be referring

you there throughout the course when it comes to how things work at the atomic level.

But the next level up from the chemistry of atoms and molecules includes the smallest

units of living things -- cells.

All cells have some basic functions in common, but they also vary widely in size and shape,

depending on their purpose.

For example! One of the smallest cells in your body is the red blood cell, which measures

about 5 micrometres across. Now contrast that with the single motor neuron that runs the

length of your entire leg, from your big toe to the bottom of your spine, about a meter

from end to end. Typically, cells group with similar cells

to form the next level of organization: tissues, like muscles, membranes and cavity linings,

nervous, and connective tissues. When two or more tissue types combine, they

form organs -- the heart, liver, lungs, skin and etcetera that perform specific functions

to keep the body running.

Organs work together and combine to get things done, forming organ systems. It’s how, like,

the liver, stomach, and intestines of your digestive system all unite to take that burrito

from plate to pooper.

And finally, all those previous levels combine to form the highest level of the organization

-- the body itself.

Me and you and your dog -- we’re all glorious complete organisms, made from the precise

organization of trillions of cells in nearly constant activity.

This ability of all living systems to maintain stable, internal conditions no matter what

changes are occurring outside the body is called homeostasis, and it’s another major

unifying theme in anatomy and physiology.

Your survival is all about maintaining balance -- of both materials and energy.

For example, you need the right amount of blood, water, nutrients, and oxygen to create

and disperse energy, as well as the perfect body temperature, the right blood pressure,

and efficient movement of waste through your body, all that needs to stay balanced.

And by your survival depends on it? I mean that everyone’s ultimate cause of death

is the extreme and irreversible loss of homeostasis.

Organ failure, hypothermia, suffocation, starvation, dehydration -- they all lead to the same end,

by throwing off your internal balances that allow your body to keep processing energy.

Take an extreme and sudden case -- your arm pops off. If nothing is done quickly to treat

such a severe wound, you would bleed to death, right?

But … what does that mean? What's gonna happen? How do I die?

Well, that arterial wound, if left untreated, will cause a drastic drop in blood pressure

that, in turn, will prevent the delivery of oxygen throughout the body.

So the real result of such an injury -- the actual cause of death -- is the loss of homeostasis.

I mean, you can live a full and healthy life without an arm. But you can’t live without

blood pressure, because without blood, your cells don’t get oxygen, and without oxygen,

they can’t process energy, and you die.

With so many connected parts needed to make your life possible, you can see how we need

a hyper-precise language to identify the parts of your body and communicate what’s happening to them

A doctor isn't gonna recommend a patient for surgery by telling the surgeon that the patient

has an “achy belly.”

They’re going to need to give a detailed description -- essentially, it's like a verbal map

So, over time, anatomy has developed its own standardized set of directional terms that

described where one body part is about another.

Imagine a person standing in front of you -- this is what’s called the classic anatomical

position -- where the body is erect and facing straight ahead, with arms at the sides and

palms forward.

Now imagine slicing that person into different sections, or planes. Don't imagine it too

.