The subterranean cities of the Byzantine Empire.

The stunning geological formations found in Cappadocia showcase one of the most remarkable landscapes on the planet. Referred to as fairy chimneys, these robust stone cones were formed by massive volcanic eruptions that spread vast amounts of ash over what would eventually become a part of central Turkey.

Over the course of millions of years, this volcanic residue solidified into a porous rock called ignimbrite, which was then shaped by centuries of wind and rain into the vibrant spires that we admire today. However, beneath this impressive terrain lies an equally extraordinary example of ancient engineering: an intricate network of underground cities that extend deep beneath the surface.

The enigmatic ruins were only explored by archaeologists in the 1960s, leaving many unanswered questions for researchers. However, they have managed to uncover some fundamental information. The underground settlements in Cappadocia can be traced back to the Middle Ages, during the time when the region was part of the eastern territories of the Byzantine Empire.

In the 7th and 8th centuries, this border area faced frequent attacks from Arab invaders, which might have prompted the local population to seek shelter underground. Initially, archaeologists presumed that these underground cities and sanctuaries were constructed by Greek-speaking Orthodox Christian monks, given the abundance of Byzantine churches and religious imagery.

Upon closer examination, it became apparent that the intricate layouts and elements of residential architecture discovered could only have been crafted by skilled master masons.

Traditionally, these artisans would construct buildings using brick and stone, however, it was discovered that they intricately carved their designs directly into the rock beneath the surface.

The various complexes were linked together through stairways and underground passages that could be blocked off using massive rocks for security purposes.

Inhabitants excavated deep enough to tap into the water table, guaranteeing their water supply in case of prolonged attacks.

Additionally, vertical air shafts connected these urban centers to the open sky, allowing for the circulation of crisp, cool air within the living spaces.

Furthermore, aside from the living quarters, these residences were equipped with wine presses, culinary sections, and stables to accommodate livestock.

Some rooms also provided traditional toilets, where waste could be flushed into deep pits or covered with lime. Typically, this method would have still produced some unpleasant odors, but the absorbent volcanic rock in the area aided in keeping a dry and odorless atmosphere. Additionally, the composition of the rock helped in maintaining consistent temperatures year-round, rendering these areas perfect for extended habitation and food preservation.

Some chambers even provided old-fashioned lavatories, where waste could be washed into deep pits or covered with lime. Normally, this approach would still have left some stench, but the region’s absorbent volcanic rock helped maintain a dry and odor-free environment. The rock’s composition also helped ensure stable temperatures throughout the year, making these spaces ideal for long-term living and food storage.

During the 11th century, the Byzantine Empire successfully fortified its eastern border, restoring tranquility and stability to the area. However, instead of forsaking their subterranean settlements, the inhabitants chose to expand them onto the surface. They skillfully constructed dwellings directly into the rocky cliff sides of the region, employing stoneworkers to carve out open courtyards and embellish the entrances with exquisite facades. Additionally, numerous churches were meticulously carved from the rock, adhering to the architectural styles prevalent in the Byzantine Empire between the 9th and 11th centuries.

Basic constructions with altars and apses were part of this, along with complex patterns that included columns and domes. Many of these structures displayed colorful wall paintings inside, depicting elaborate Christian symbols. These ancient paintings can still be seen today, establishing Cappadocia as a major hub of Byzantine art globally. Despite the endurance of these artworks and stone buildings, the people who lived there were eventually compelled to relocate.

The Byzantines are thought to have begun abandoning the area once the Seljuk and Ottoman Turks seized control of it in the late 11th century. Throughout the subsequent centuries, the local farmers and villagers repurposed these areas for storage and temporary residence, with indications of some residents as recent as the early 20th century. Nevertheless, in recent decades, these urban centers have been acknowledged as global heritage sites in need of maintenance and protection. The Byzantines are believed to have started leaving the region when the Seljuk and Ottoman Turks took over in the late 11th century. In the centuries that followed, local farmers and villagers utilized these spaces for storage and temporary living, with evidence of some inhabitants as recent as the early 20th century. However, in recent decades, these cities have been designated as international heritage sites that require attention and conservation.

This title has garnered them official safeguarding and enticed inquisitive scholars and travelers who are keen to venture into their intricate tunnels. Derinkuyu, descending as far as 85 meters underground, and Kaymakli are the two most renowned and frequently explored ones. However, Göreme, Ihlara, and numerous other valleys are where you can witness the most well-preserved churches, all boasting magnificent Byzantine architecture and mural paintings. Furthermore, as researchers persist in unearthing these locations, they will undoubtedly unveil further enigmas from this concealed past.