Nepal invaded the Qing Dynasty in its heyday and was defeated by Qianlong, and Hexi was also a hero in the counter-insurgency.

Although the Suzerain-vassal system centered on the Chinese Central Plains dynasties began in the eastern frontier, it ended in the western frontier. In the eyes of historians, the title of "the last vassal state" of the Qing Dynasty is somewhat controversial, one is Kanjuti in Central Asia, because it still paid tribute to the Qing court during the reign of Xuantong, and the other was Nepal. It was not until the British launched the "Ronghepeng Expedition" during the reign of Guang Xu that it was controlled by the British East India Company.

However, before Kanjuti finally broke away from the Suzerain-vassal system of the Qing Dynasty, he had become a "two-subordinate country" jointly managed by the Qing Empire and Britain. Xue Fucheng, who was the minister of Britain, France, Italy and Belgium at that time, made an alienation from the Qing government after agreeing with British officials to set up a leader of Kanjuti, and incidentally described the strategic situation of the "great game" between Britain and czarist Russia in Central Asia: "China returns to Xinjiang." However, since Xianfeng and Tongzhi, China's internal aggressors have not been quiet and have not been far away. Russia annexed Haohan, Bulut, Kazakh, and Bukhar with its forces, while the small parts of Mount Badak, Lushan, Shiknan and Wahan all belonged to Afghanistan. (Kanjuti) his ministry is a country of two genera. It is slightly different from those who are exclusive to China, so they can only consider external arguments and theories. "

At that time, although "this is the only one who paid tribute to China in recent years," Kanjuti, as a "two-subordinate land," could no longer be regarded as a pure vassal state of the Qing Dynasty, so in this sense, it is possible to say that Nepal is the last vassal state of the Qing Dynasty-but the historical relationship between this last vassal state and the Qing Empire is really indescribable.

Nepal's contact with the Qing Empire originated from a war; however, before this war, it is necessary to sort out the historical context of Nepal. As early as BC, the ancient Nepalese lived in the Kathmandu Valley, but such a small elastic land was still full of small countries, and it was not until the mid-18th century that it was unified by the Gurkha Kingdom. And entered the Shah dynasty era-from which the history of Nepal really became clear.

This year was the 34 year of Emperor Qianlong (1769). The Qing Dynasty was in its most powerful period, and the scope of its Suzerain-vassal system extended to Central Asia with the magnificent martial arts of Emperor Qianlong; however, the Kingdom of Gurkha was also on the rise. The brave and good at fighting Gurkha army continued to expand after unifying Nepal, and the front was directed at Sikkim.

In the 56 year of Emperor Qianlong (1791), Gurkha's army finally invaded northward and occupied the whole of Houzang, and even ransacked the Tashilunbo Monastery where the Panchen Erdeni was stationed.

Emperor Qianlong could not stand it, so he sent Fu Kangan to lead the Qing army to Tibet, and the whole Tibet was recovered in four months. The following year, Fukangan marched into Gurkha, and successively broke out the Battle of Hot Cable Bridge, Xiebu, Dongjue Mountain and Palangu. Gurkha's army showed amazing combat effectiveness in three battles, but was finally defeated by the Qing army.

It is worth mentioning that in the list of war heroes, in addition to the famous general Fu Kang'an, there is also the name of a generation of corrupt officials and warlords. After the war, the Gurkha Kingdom called itself a vassal to the Qing Dynasty, which began a history of tribute for more than one hundred years. The pacification of Gurkha also became the last thing in Emperor Qianlong's "ten complete martial arts", witnessing the last glory of the Central Plains dynasty.

The history of this war is called "the Battle of Gurkha". Although the final winner of the war was the Qing Dynasty, the war itself also exposed a considerable crisis, the most obvious of which was that the British East India Company had become a force to be reckoned with in the South Asian subcontinent. However, Fukang'an did not regard this force in its eyes.

At that time, the Qing people called the British East India Company "Pileng". Until after the Opium War, the Qing government thought that it was only a small country in South Asia and did not associate it with the powerful Britain at all, so that the fighter planes were repeatedly delayed on the battlefield in Tibet.

After becoming a vassal state of the Qing Empire, the Gurkha Kingdom began to expand to the south and west, and established its hegemony in the vast land of "Bhutan in the east, Kashmir in the west, Tibet in the north and Tibet, and South Daod" in the history of expansion for half a century. it has become the second largest power in the South Asian subcontinent after the Mughal Empire.

It's just that this hegemony came too late, and the British East India Company, which came from the west, that is, the small country in the eyes of the Qing people at that time, was the future master of this continent. In the 19th year of Jiaqing (1814), Britain invaded the Kingdom of Gurkha and the Gurkha War broke out.

At the beginning of the war, the Gurkha Kingdom asked the Qing Empire for help, but in the eyes of the emperor of Jiaqing, the "small fight" between the two small countries was not worth mediating, so he refused to send troops on the grounds that "the great emperor nurtured all nations and treated them equally."

Emperor Jiaqing's judgment may be the necessity of the current situation, but this decision indirectly determined the fate of the South Asian subcontinent and the southwest border of the Qing Empire. At that time, the Kingdom of Gurkha was a local power in northern South Asia, and behind the British East India Company stood the most powerful Britain in the world. "the Great Emperor nurtures all nations and treats all countries equally" seems so dark and humorous.

Two years later, the British army completely defeated Gurkha's army and forced Gurkha to sign the Treaty of Sagoli, an alliance under the city. The Kingdom of Gurkha not only ceded nearly 1/3 of its territory, including Sikkim, Kumaan, and Gaval, but also ended its momentum of expansion, thus entering another era of the strategic pattern of the South Asian subcontinent.