THE 6 HABITS OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE STUDENTS

This article aims to provide guidance on the effective study techniques that can be employed by individuals. It outlines six fundamental strategies that are essential for achieving optimal results in academic pursuits.

As a student, it is likely that you have pondered upon the most efficacious approach to studying. This is a prudent inquiry, as regrettably, many individuals squander their time on methods that prove to be ineffective. Consequently, I sought counsel from cognitive psychologists at The Learning Scientists, who have conducted extensive research on the science of learning and identified the most optimal study techniques. Herein, I present their six foremost strategies to unlock your innate intellectual potential.

First Strategy is : Spaced practice (No cramming)

The initial strategy to be discussed is referred to as spaced practice, which involves the distribution of study sessions over a period of time rather than cramming all the material into one intensive session. It has been observed that studying for five hours in a single session is not as effective as spreading the same amount of time over two weeks. This approach not only leads to better learning outcomes but also reduces stress levels associated with cramming. Furthermore, it helps to reduce the time required for future study as the information is retained for a longer period. To implement this strategy, it is recommended to schedule short study sessions into one's calendar, rather than attempting marathon study sessions. It is also advisable to review information from each class starting a day later and to revisit important older information to keep it fresh. Simply re-reading notes is not an effective approach; instead, other strategies discussed in this video should be utilized. It is crucial to leave 2-3 days between study sessions on the same subject, as the key to success is consistent short study sessions over time.

Second Strategy is: Interleaving (Switch)

The second strategy entails the practice of interleaving, which involves the switching of ideas during a single study session for a particular class. It is recommended that one avoids studying a single idea, topic, or type of problem for an extended period of time. The act of switching between ideas serves to highlight and contrast the similarities or differences between topics or types of questions. In the case of problem-solving, switching can aid in the selection of the correct approach to solve a problem. This strategy encourages the establishment of links between ideas as one switches between them. It is essential to ensure that sufficient information is studied to comprehend an idea before switching. The frequency of switching should be determined based on individual preferences. It is advisable to avoid spending an entire session on one topic while also avoiding switching too often. The establishment of links between ideas as one moves between them is highly recommended. For the subsequent study session, it is recommended that the order in which topics are studied is changed, as this will further strengthen one's understanding. Although switching may prove to be more challenging than studying a single topic for an extended period, it is important to prioritize effectiveness over ease.

Third Strategy is : Elaboration (Ask, Explain and Connect)

The third strategy entails elaboration, which involves asking questions, explaining concepts in detail, and connecting them to one's daily life experiences. This approach requires the use of class materials such as textbooks and notes. By posing questions about the workings and reasons behind concepts, one can gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Additionally, explaining ideas with specificity and relating them to personal experiences facilitates comprehension and retention. This method also encourages the organization of new ideas and their integration with existing knowledge. By breaking down concepts and identifying similarities and differences, one can improve their understanding of the subject matter. To implement this strategy, one should begin by creating a list of concepts that require learning and then pose questions about their workings and reasons. Subsequently, one should revisit class materials to find answers to these questions and connect different ideas to one another. The specific questions and methods used will vary depending on the subject matter being studied, whether it be math, science, history, or another discipline entirely.

Fourth Strategy is : Concrete Example (Examples)

The fourth strategy entails utilizing concrete examples to illustrate and clarify concepts. The use of relevant and specific examples aids in the comprehension of ideas, thereby enhancing understanding. It is widely known that human memory retains concrete information better than abstract information. Therefore, it is advisable to always seek real-life examples that can be easily related to. For instance, the concept of "scarcity" is abstract and may be difficult to comprehend. Attempting to explain it using abstract terms may not be helpful. Instead, a specific example can be used to illustrate the idea. For example, the scenario of a ticket scalper can be used to explain how scarcity drives up the cost of tickets as the game day approaches. It is possible to obtain examples from various sources such as textbooks, notes, and daily life experiences. However, it is crucial to ensure that the examples are accurate and relevant to the concept being learned. By establishing a connection between the idea and the example, a better understanding of how the example applies can be achieved.

Fifth Strategy is : Dual Coding (Word and Visual)

The fifth strategy entails the utilization of dual coding, which involves the integration of verbal and visual material. This approach provides two distinct avenues for comprehending and retaining information. It is recommended that one scrutinizes the visuals in their notes and textbooks, and evaluates how the accompanying text describes the image. Similarly, one should examine how the image represents the information conveyed by the text. It is advisable to articulate the meaning of the visuals in one's own words. Additionally, one should endeavor to create diverse representations of the information, and incorporate this strategy when practicing knowledge retrieval. It is important to note that this approach is not based on learning styles. Extensive research has demonstrated that matching one's study approach to their learning style does not enhance learning. The most effective way to learn is by combining verbal and visual material.

Sixth Strategy is : Retrival Practice (Recall what you know)

The sixth strategy is Retrieval Practice, which involves recalling previously learned information. This study skill is considered the most valuable in enhancing academic performance and is therefore recommended for mastery. Retrieval Practice entails the act of retrieving all the knowledge one has on a particular topic without the aid of notes or textbooks. This exercise reinforces the learned material and facilitates better retention. Additionally, consistent practice is essential in improving one's ability to recall information during exams. This approach also helps to identify knowledge gaps, which can be addressed through focused study. To implement this strategy, it is advisable to take as many practice tests as possible, even if self-created, or to start with a blank piece of paper and write down all the knowledge, accompanied by sketches or concept maps linking the ideas together.

It is recommended that you engage in this activity after a considerable period of time has elapsed since your initial learning experience. Therefore, it is advisable to put away your notes, as this exercise is not intended to test your ability to recite information that you have recently perused in your textbook. Upon completion, it is recommended that you cross-reference your written work with your class materials. This will enable you to identify areas where you have demonstrated proficiency, as well as those where you may require further improvement. This feedback is invaluable and will serve as a guide for future study sessions. Having familiarized yourself with the six most effective study strategies, as identified by academic research, a simple technique for recalling them during your next study session is provided.