Facebook Privacy Breach

Article 1: Ayaburi, E. W., & Treku, D. N. (2020). Effect of penitence on social media trust and privacy concerns: The case of Facebook. International Journal of Information Management, 50, 171-181.

This article describes a research model that intends to study the effect of repentance after data breaching incidents on end-users’ trust and brand reputation (case of Facebook). The study aimed at relating behavioral integrity and organizational integrity with post breaching announcements, and apologies that Facebook issued and published. The article briefly explains how trust issues arise due to privacy breaching among consumers (Ayaburi & Treku, 2020). The article is published in an international journal with an impact factor of 5.063 and received 8 citations. Both authors have published numerous articles relating to the field of information technology and their other articles have received an appreciable number of citations as well. This research article is intended for scholarly research personnel and other emerging researchers in the field of Information Technology (IT). This article is following the data breaching incident described by Rehman (2019) and hence illuminates the bibliography’s topic.

Article 2: Rehman, I. (2019). Facebook-Cambridge Analytica data harvesting: What you need to know. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-11.

This e-journal reviews data breaching of million Facebook users by Cambridge Analytica (CA) and its ramifications. It explains how CA paid Facebook users to take up a personality-based quiz through ‘thisisyourdigitallife’ app and harvested the personal information from approximately 87 million users. Further, that information was run through algorithms that profiled those users psychologically. This collected information was then used by CA to exploit fears of targeted individuals and in designing personalized agendas for Trump’s electoral campaign (Rehman, 2019). The article is published in a peer-reviewed e-journal owned by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA, and is intended for a wide segment of readers ranging from normal readers to professionals. The author of this article has published a wide range of articles not limited to the field of technology. Since this whole article is based upon the privacy breach of Facebook, it proves its relevance to this bibliography.

Article 3: Liu L., Han M., Wang Y., & Zhou Y. (2018) Understanding Data Breach: A Visualization Aspect. In: S. Chellappan, W. Cheng, & W. Li, (Eds.), Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications. WASA 2018 (pp.883-892). Springer, Cham.

Liu et al. (2018) discuss various incidents of data breaches that have led to a loss of pivotal and sensitive information about personal, monetary, and health aspects. Also, how Facebook was accused of data breaching and its involvement in the Cambridge Analytica scandal (Liu et al., 2018, p. 1). Further, it discusses the ramifications of other data breaching incidents such as income data of US citizens, transportation data of New York, etc. This chapter has received 6 citations and was originally presented at a conference. Also, the corresponding author of the article has 14 publications with 58 citations. This chapter is intended for the readers interested in the field of analytics and data science. This article is the improvised version of article 2 as it explains the whole scenario of data breaching since 2005. The whole article discusses the data breaching incidents; hence, it highlights the bibliographic topic.

Article 4: Fuller, M. (2019). Big data and the Facebook scandal: Issues and responses. Theology, 122(1), 14-21.

The article discusses various issues associated with big data that surfaced due to the Facebook scandal of data harvesting. The case of data harvesting by Cambridge Analytica from Facebook users as described in Article 2 is an excellent explanation of how big data can be used and modified. Ultimately, this article suggests how addressing the issues and concerns about big data is of the utmost importance by linking to the Facebook scandal. Also, it suggests theologians and religious communities to raise the issue of big data and privacy among communities and, encourage ethical and scriptural critiques relating to the same phenomena (Fuller, 2019). This journal comes under publications of Sage journals illustrating the authenticity of the article. Also, the author of this article has numerous publications and citations. This article exemplifies data breaching of Facebook as a concern about big data. It is a perfect explication for this bibliography.

Article 5: Cadwalladr, C., & Graham-Harrison, E. (2018, March 17). Revealed: 50 million Facebook profiles harvested for Cambridge Analytica in major data breach. The Guardian.

This news article explains the whole scenario of a Facebook privacy breach and its scandal with Cambridge Analytica. Further, the influence of this data harvesting on the US Brexit campaign as well as Trump’s victory. It also refers to the interviews and other reported articles for authenticating the information provided. Apart from this, it also discusses the exploitation of data and targeting users psychologically for winning elections and campaigns. Also, evidence about flaws within the privacy policy of Facebook has been provided. Furthermore, it also reports how Russians used Facebook for accomplishing propaganda against the US (Cadwalladr, & Graham, 2018). The Guardian was named as the most trusted newspaper in the UK with the least criticisms and bias reports. This news article is by the information provided in all the above articles. As this article is about a Facebook privacy breach, it enhances the bibliography.

Article 6: Silverstein, J. (2019, April 4). Hundreds of millions of Facebook user records were exposed to the Amazon cloud server. CBS News.

This news article shifts the spotlight from Cambridge Analytica data harvesting and illuminates the data exposure of about 540 million records of Facebook users through Amazon Cloud services. A Mexico based company was held responsible for leaking about 146 GB of personal data, comments, and reactions on various posts by Facebook users (Silverstein, 2019). Concerns and issues about big data as discussed in Article 4 are surfaced here as well. Moreover, as discussed in Article 1, penitence can have an impact on trust, but repeated incidents can damage organizations on a wider scale. Criticism relating to the news source of this information and platform is zero. This is another example of a privacy breach of Facebook and makes it an excellent source of information for this bibliography. This article is intended for every kind of reader and not limited to any specific kind of audience.

Article 7: Isaak, J., & Hanna, M. J. (2018). User data privacy: Facebook, Cambridge Analytica, and privacy protection. Computer, 51(8), 56-59.

This article discusses the fact that the privacy breach of Facebook has elevated the demand for astringent and comprehensive policies for protecting the privacy of users through law. It aims at targeting federal organizations for improvising existing laws and appeals innovators, researchers, and technologists to contribute seriously towards developing them. The article focuses on how data gathering for providing a personalized experience by Facebook is proving to be disruptive with various societal impacts and user’s privacy concerns (Issak, & Hanna, 2018). Apart from this, it provides a technical overview of how Cambridge Analytica was able to access the information by disrupting the privacy policy of Facebook. On the contrary, Article 2 gives a general perspective on the whole scandal. Hence, overcoming the limitation encountered by Article 2. The article is published under IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) which is a reliable source with an impact factor of 10.694.

Article 8: Matsakis, L., & Lapowsky, I. (2018, September 28). Everything We Know About Facebook’s Massive Security Breach’. Wired.

Discussing Facebook, this article is intended for a wider segment of readers and, is per Article 6 where attention was shifted from Cambridge Analytica. Another issue about privacy breach was taken up in this article when almost 90 million users were logged out from their accounts for protecting users from outside hackers’ attacks. The authors attempted to question the privacy policies of Facebook as the breach was because of Facebook’s latest introduced features such as View as. Also, the impact of repeated privacy incidences and media disclosures of these issues on the organization has been discussed. This article reports the third incident of privacy breach of Facebook and improves the efficacy of this bibliography. Wired is an American magazine and focuses on the effect of emerging technologies on 3 major aspects namely, culture, economy, and politics. This magazine coined the term crowdsourcing and is providing valuable information since 1993.

Article 9: Meredith, S. (2018, April 10). Facebook-Cambridge Analytica: A timeline of the data hijacking scandal. CNBC news.

The article describes the timeline of events that have created hype over privacy concerns about Facebook. Starting from Open Graph, this article is a complete guide about the various events that have led to a massive breach of information and privacy through Facebook. The writer also highlights the failed attempts of Facebook to stop breaching (Meredith, 2018). The information is limited to Cambridge Analytica data harvesting only and does not consider other breaching cases as described in Articles 6 and 8. Hence, it has a limited approach. The source of this article is from a news article published with CNBC news. The writer of this article covers business and energy news as well as international politics. This ensures unbiasedness while reporting. The article is intended for varied readers and is not limited to any specific kind of segment. This article supports the information of other sources discussed in the bibliography.

Article 10: Hern, A. (2016, June 6). Mark Zuckerberg hacked on Twitter and Pinterest. The Guardian.

Hern, (2016) demonstrates how Facebook's privacy breach is affecting its users and its owner as well. It reports the hacking of Mark Zuckerberg’s Twitter and Pinterest accounts. An explanation owing to the reasons behind this hacking is devoted to another password-related data-leak incident that happened in 2012 with the LinkedIn database (Hern, 2016). Reports about the hacking of Instagram account have also been provided along with denial from Facebook about this illegal access. This incident is yet another strong example of a privacy breach within Facebook supporting the concerns about big data (Article 4) and, need of improvising the privacy policies (Article 7). By providing a wider coverage about the breach incidents, this article illuminates the bibliographic topic. The article is written by a reporter at The Guardian (Article 5). The writer has not limited herself to Facebook issues and covered other technology-based news as well. Hence, supports unbiased reporting.