Nature
The Earth - Beautiful Planet
Planet Earth is the home of every lifeform, known to us, in the universe. Its age is about 1/3 of the age of the universe and, admitted, It is a thing of beauty. a slightly squashed fair with a heavy metal core, and a lighter surface crust, wrapped in a thin sliver of sweet air to breathe, with vast oceans, fertile plains, magnificent mountains, fresh water rivers, streams, lakes and aquifers, orbiting a star which warms us, and gives us energy. But how did our home come in to existence, and what's it made of? 4.6 billion years ago, Earth was created from the remnants of dead stars, that collected in a giant, dirty gas cloud. The gas cloud became denser in its center, and formed an accretion disk. small particles started clumping together, and building larger and larger objects, until they form the objects we call "Planets" today. This process took 10 to 20 million years, and is still not very well understood. At about this time, when the solar system was young and chaotic, a giant object, about as big as Mars, collided with our home. The impact was violent, and if the object had been more massive, it might have destroyed Earth. Materials from Earth were smashed out into orbit, and formed the Moon, which is the biggest satellite in relation to its planet in the solar system. At this time, Earth was a hot hell, constantly being hit by asteroids, with seas of lava, and a toxic atmosphere. But something was about to change drastically. Earth cooled down. Water from the inside of the Earth wandered to the surface and rained down on Earth, only to vaporize again and become clouds. Millions of asteroids brought more and more water to our planet. All the water on Earth has about this volume compared to Earth. Today, the surface of Earth is 71% water, and 29% land. 97.5% is saline water, while only 2.5% is fresh water. The Fresh water is 69% ice and snow, 30% are ground waters, and only about 1% make up the remaining ground waters. But even this small part is mostly frozen. Only a tiny part of our water is actually lakes and rivers. and an even tinier part is bound in living things. So, gradually the Earth cooled down, and the surface formed a thin crust. But inside the earth, hot rock continue to swirl about, moving the crust from below and breaking it apart. This process is called "Plate Tectonics", and is happening right now. We'll make a whole video about it in the future. For now, let's just say that the crust of Earth consisted of separate giant plates that move around. As they meet, they crumble, and create mighty mountains. OR: violently plunge back down, deeper into Earth, creating deep trenches. That's the way the highest place on Earth was formed: Mt.Everest, and the deepest: the Mariana Trench. From our perspective, Earth's mountains and trenches are mighty indeed, but when you look at the Earth in cross-section, you can see how tiny they actually are. The part we stand on is the crust, which is about 50 kilometers thick, though it can vary between 5 and 70 kilometers By the way, the deepest hole ever drilled by man is 12.262 kilometers deep. After the crust, comes the mantle. It's a silicate rocky shell, and about 2,900 kilometers thick. The mantle consists of the upper mantle, and the lower mantle. The upper mantle has different regions, too. It's upper part, which is viscous and carries the crust, is called the "Lithosphere." After that, there comes the "Asthenosphere," which consists of less mobile, mostly solid material. The lower mantle reaches deep down to the outer core of Earth. Earth's outer core is a liquid layer of iron and nickel, about 2,266 kilometers thick. Temperatures vary from 4,000℃(7,232℉) to 5,700℃(10,292℉). And in the center, is the inner core. It's mostly solid, a ball made of an iron-nickel alloy. with a radius of about 1,200 kilometers. 70% of the size of the moon, and about the temperature of the surface of the Sun. It is slowly growing at an estimated rate of about 1mm/year. Now, for some respective, this small layer of crystallized melt products of former molten mantle, is where we live. Then, there's Earth's magnetic field. It's an invisible phenomenon that diverts high energy particles coming from the Sun and other sources, allowing for a stable environment with comparatively little radiation impact on Earth. But why is it there? Actually, we don't really know a terrible lot about that. We know, it has something to do with the core of Earth. Inside this metal sphere, large electrical currents flow in complicated patterns. They cause a magnetic field, that sort of stabilizes itself according to the laws of electrodynamics. This entire system is called the "Dynamo." But, don't let us fool you into thinking we have it all figured out. Speaking of breathtaking information, what about the airy stuff that surrounds us? By volume, dry air consists mostly of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Carbon, a variable mount of water vapor, and small amounts of other gases. Humans are very dependent on the lowest layer of the atmosphere: the Troposphere - Where the weather is. It's 12 kilometers thick on average. Above that is the Stratosphere, which is where the ozone layer protects us from the sun's most aggressive type of light. Above that is the Mesosphere - the coolest place on Earth, with an average temperature around -85℃(-121℉). At about 80 kilometers up, the Thermosphere starts. The transition to space is a fluent one, without clear borders. but humans decided that space starts here. At about 100 kilometers, Earth stops, and space begins, though the atmosphere extends a bit further. In this region, we find the Ionosphere, the aurora borealis, and the ISS, and the outermost layer is the Exosphere, stretching up to 10,000 kilometers. It merges fluently with outer space, where there's no atmosphere at all. The atoms and molecules in this area are so far apart, that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with each other. OK. Humans, in their present form, have only been around for 200,000 years. - that's 0.004% of Earth's history. Not long, really. And, here we are now, living in a thin, moist layer on a small, wet rock. We call this rock: Earth. It is the product of the universe's deepest workings, the result of a constant process of creation and destruction, happening all of the universe, all the time, helped by chance, the laws of the universe and random events, we are really lucky.
By NguyenHoangNam2 years ago in Earth
The Earth - Beautiful Planet ( I )
Planet Earth is the only place we know of that supports life in the universe. It is about one-third as old as the universe itself and is truly beautiful, resembling a slightly flattened sphere with a heavy metal core and a lighter outer layer. It is surrounded by a thin atmosphere that provides air to breathe, and it features vast oceans, rich plains, towering mountains, and freshwater sources, all while orbiting a star that gives us warmth and energy. But how did our planet come to be, and what is it composed of? Approximately 4.6 billion years ago, Earth formed from the remnants of dead stars, which gathered in a massive gas cloud. This cloud became denser at its center, forming an accretion disk where small particles began to stick together to create larger objects, ultimately leading to the formation of planets. This process lasted between 10 to 20 million years and remains poorly understood. During this early period, a large object roughly the size of Mars collided with Earth. The impact was intense, and had the object been larger, it could have destroyed our planet. Material from Earth was thrown into orbit, resulting in the formation of the Moon, which is the largest satellite in relation to its planet in the solar system. At this point, Earth was a harsh environment, bombarded by asteroids, filled with lava, and having a toxic atmosphere. However, significant changes were on the horizon. Earth began to cool. Water from within the planet rose to the surface and rained down, only to evaporate and form clouds again. Countless asteroids also delivered additional water to Earth. Today, the Earth's surface consists of 71% water and 29% land, with 97.5% being salty and only 2.5% fresh. Of that fresh water, 69% is trapped in ice and snow, 30% is found underground, and only about 1% consists of lakes and rivers, with even less within living organisms. Over time, as Earth cooled, a thin crust formed. However, beneath the surface, hot rock continues to move and shift, breaking apart the crust. This ongoing process, known as plate tectonics, causes large tectonic plates to drift and collide, creating towering mountains and deep trenches. For instance, Mount Everest is formed by plate collision, while the Mariana Trench results from one plate sinking beneath another. Although these features seem significant from our viewpoint, they are relatively small compared to the entire structure of the Earth. The crust, where we live, is approximately 50 kilometers thick but can range between 5 and 70 kilometers. The deepest human-made hole is 12.262 kilometers deep. Below the crust lies the mantle, a rocky layer that stretches about 2,900 kilometers. The mantle is divided into the upper and lower sections, with the upper part being viscous and supportive of the crust, known as the lithosphere. Following this is the asthenosphere, made of mostly solid material that is less mobile. The lower mantle extends down to the outer core. This outer core is a liquid layer of iron and nickel, around 2,266 kilometers thick, with temperatures ranging from 4,000℃ to 5,700℃. At the center is the inner core, a mostly solid ball made of an iron-nickel alloy with a radius of about 1,200 kilometers, roughly 70% the size of the Moon and as hot as the Sun's surface. It grows slowly at an estimated rate of about 1 millimeter per year.
By NguyenHoangNam2 years ago in Earth
Understanding Solar Storms
Understanding Solar Storms: A Glimpse into the Sun's Fury The Sun: A Roiling Mass of Chaos The Sun, our closest star, is not just a tranquil ball of light in the sky; it's a violent and dynamic entity. With magnetic tornadoes spiraling upward for tens of thousands of miles and dark spots large enough to engulf our planet, the Sun’s surface is a battleground for cosmic forces. These phenomena result in explosive eruptions that hurl charged particles into space at astonishing speeds, often exceeding 2 million mph. As we enhance our observational technologies, we are gaining insights into these spectacular and sometimes threatening solar activities.
By Adrian Mickens2 years ago in Earth
First Light's Promise
In a secluded valley where mountains kissed the sky and rivers whispered ancient songs, the villagers of Aurelion had a cherished belief. Each dawn, as the first light of the sun touched the highest peak, it was said to carry a promise—a blessing that would be granted to one who greeted it with a pure heart.
By Kingsley Egeke2 years ago in Earth
Beyond the Fog
In a small coastal town shrouded in mist, the fog rolled in every evening, thick and impenetrable. The townspeople had learned to live with it, accepting that the world outside their homes would vanish into a gray nothingness each night. But there was one thing about the fog that no one could explain—it whispered.
By Kingsley Egeke2 years ago in Earth
What Was Happening on Earth Before Dinosaurs Roamed
Billions of years ago, our entire solar system was nothing more than a vast cloud of dust and gas floating in the expanse of space. This tranquil existence was disrupted by an unknown event, the cause of which still puzzles scientists. Some hypothesize that a distant star might have exploded in a supernova, sending shockwaves that set this Dust Cloud into motion. As the cloud began to spin faster, the dust and gas within it were drawn towards the center, forming a dense, rotating disc known as a solar nebula. The gravitational forces at the center of this disc became so intense that hydrogen atoms began to collide with each other, creating helium and releasing enormous amounts of energy. This cataclysmic process ultimately led to the birth of our Sun approximately 4.6 billion years ago.
By Sibusiso Khumalo2 years ago in Earth
Simple questions about our world we still can't answer . AI-Generated.
Intro hey guys it's my chin it seems like every day there is news about something new we might have discovered in space or a space X rocket that did where it did not explode where maybe we found another planet we could live on once we use up this one and speaking of this planet sometimes it does feel like that mankind and Earth are like this old married couple you kind of feel like you already know every single thing there is to know about this person that mystery is gone there's no romance left and we're constantly looking for someplace better to live but a reality there is still quite a lot of mystery left as we take a look at some basic things about our planets we still don't understand number Undiscovered Caves one unexplored caves I always talk about on this channel how over 95% of our oceans remain unexplored but did you know that there are literally thousands of caves that no one well at least no one we know of has never set foot in National Geographic estimates the number of undiscovered caves at 90% of the planet's total even in well explored regions like a US only about 50% of caves have never been discovered number 2 all no minerals we know of around 5,000 minerals on earth which is a pretty good amount but according to Roberts M Hazen a mineralogist and astrobiologists at the Carnegie Institute for science whose team created a very complex system to calculate the number of unknown minerals currently found on earth they found that there are over 1500 minerals on this planet we still don't know anything about that may seem like a lot but keep in mind that many of the Earth's know minerals are pretty rare and are found in only a few select locations on this planet so think about that and then think about the massive amount of land across the globe that probably still has not been surveyed so and what makes sense that there are still a lot of minerals that we have yet to discover but check this out he's his model only ink those minerals that are possibly accessible if you add up the ones we may never be able to get to then the number of unknown minerals may increase exponentially number three we don't really know what's beneath the surface of our planet I talked about this in Whats Beneath Our Feet another video I did but when it comes to what we know about our planet we've literally only just scratched the surface think about this it took the Voyager 1 satellites 26 years to exit our solar system and it took about the same amount of time for us to dig just 7.5 miles below the earth's surface and if you didn't know that's the Kola super-deep borehole in Russia which is only 12 point 3 kilometers were like I said it's 7.5 miles deep and if you're wondering that's only 3990 2.5 miles short of the Earth's core although researchers think they have a pretty good idea what's beneath our feet based on our analysis of things like gravity fossils and earthquakes those are just theories and I'll tell we can actually reach the center of the earth we can't be completely sure for example this is what we typically think of when we think of what's inside the earth you've got the crust mantle outer core inner core but a discovery in 2014 suggested that there is an ocean inside the earth and that ocean might have as much water as undiscovered civilizations all the world's oceans combined and since typically where there's water there's life maybe there's even strange creatures in those waters who knows number four undiscovered civilizations when you think of ancient civilizations you may think of the Mayans were Egyptians because well we have found a lot of evidence of their existence but researchers believe there are still hundreds or even thousands of civilizations out there either covered up by the dense vegetation deserts war water we had no clue ever existed that's why every year you'll hear news of archaeologists digging up a new city so it could mean that legendary cities where civilizations like Atlantis or a dorado could actually exist and we just haven't found it yet to find these ancients roars researchers employ the use of CT scans satellite imagery or Google ground-penetrating radar and most recently even robotic drums number five all known species we know this planet is all known species massive and it contains an astonishing amount of creatures many we have never seen more have documented before just to give you guys some perspective according to her book wildlife of a garden a 30-year study biologist Jennifer Owen talked about how she began to document the different types of wildlife that she happened to find in her standard family garden in suburban Leicester England after 40 years she had documented over 8,000 species 20 of which have never been seen before in England and of those 24 were completely new to science all this from just in ordinary backyard now can you imagine what we could find if we just expended a search a little even after 250 years of official documentation over 15,000 new species of planes and animals are discovered each year according to the Guardian researchers estimated that there are five to ten million species of wildlife in the world and we have only identified around 1.2 to 1.3 million so basically if it could be up to 90% of how to life left in the world that are completely unknown to us number 6 how gravity works how gravity works when we think of gravity what comes to mind Newton with an apple what goes up must come down Sandra Bullock scientists tell us that gravity is the reason that when you jump up you don't just go floating into space and the gravity is what keeps the earth and orbits around the Sun but then they really can't tell us what gravity really is because well nobody really knows there are even mainstream researchers who say that gravity is just an illusion and it really doesn't exist at all now here's why gravity is so perplexing there are four conventionally accepted fundamental forces of nature electromagnetic strong nuclear forces weak nuclear forces and while gravity but gravity is supposed to essentially hold the entire universe together and is the weakest by far of all the forces like this times weaker than the third weakest force weak nuclear this makes gravity hard to demonstrate in lab experiments it also doesn't we fit in to Einstein's theory of relativity which only explains gravity on a large scale and get this researchers don't really know what gravity is made of because at the grounded level of atoms and molecules gravity just stops working number seven why ice is slippery this might sound really simple but you'd be surprised I mean we do know that ice is slippery because there is a very thin layer of liquid water on top of it even when ice is very very cold but here's the thing how did ice produce that layer of water for a long time researchers believed that when we walk or skates on top of ice the pressure we put on the eyes of what lower is melting point and then that would cause the outermost layer to melt but this was not the case because it was later discovered that the pressure we put on the ice was really not enough to cost us to happen so why then well we have no idea but here are some theories one is that friction was causing the outer layer of the ice to melt but then that's pretty much debunked because even when someone is standing on the ice not walking on it so you're not causing friction the ice is still slippery and the other theory is that well maybe the water on the outermost layer of ice it just never freezes number 8 how the moon was created okay this was a bit out how the moon was created of this world but it's still pretty interesting so I'm gonna include it here now we love talking about the moon we love looking at it we love sending people up there and just have them drive around we also love to debate whether we sent somebody up there at all but one thing we have no clue of is how the moon was created we do have some theories though in the 1800s Charles Darwin's son George suggested that the moon was created because at some point the earth responds so fast part of our planet spun off into space and because Earth's gravity the moon was created then there's the theory that the moon was created somewhere in the universe and when and passed by earth it was caught in his gravity and then there's the most popular theory which says that something massive collided with earth millions of years ago and a piece of the planets broke apart and for the moon there are some other theories about how the moon was created which I briefly read about such as the moon is actually hollow it was pretty interesting it has some valid points so I'll make a video on it and you can judge for yourself but you know what I love doing videos like this because I like the fact that there are still a lot of things in this world that is still a mystery and that's awesome to me I like a little mystery in my life
By Jariatu Kallon2 years ago in Earth
Apollo 11 Moon Landing Mystery
20th July 1969, The Lunar Module of the Apollo 11 mission landed on the moon. Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were in it. After the landing, Neil Armstrong tried to open the door, to get down on the moon. It wasn't easy opening this door,due to high pressure, but he successfully opened it after a little struggle.Then he tried to get down to the moon in his heavy spacesuit.The exit wasn't spacious so by mistake, he hit the top, and a piece of the Lunar Module broke off. Neither of them was aware of this because of the lack of air. The sound didn't travel. They didn't hear any sound. But this broken piece was very crucial. It was the Assent Engine Arming Switch. Without this switch, their Lunar Module couldn't take off again, and they couldn't return to Earth. Unaware of this, Neil Armstrong got out and stepped on the moon's surface. He became the first man to step on the moon. "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." But did it actually happen? Today, more than 50 years later, many people refuse to believe that humans had gone to the moon. People cook up theories of their own to claim that the entire Apollo 11 mission was a farce put up by America. That they filmed the scenes on Earth, and lied to the world. How else do you explain the flag fluttering without air? What's the truth to it? All engines running. "We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do other things, not because they are easy,but because they are hard." Tranquillity Base here, The Eagle has landed! One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Friends, you'd be surprised to know, the real reason why Apollo 11 mission was planned was a war. Specifically speaking, the Cold War. Fought between America and the Soviet Union. Both countries were engaged in a Space Race. In 1957, the Soviet Union became the first country to launch the first artificial satellite. It was named Sputnik, and it was the first manmade object to be placed in Earth's orbit. The American government was shocked to see the Soviets getting ahead. Months later, in 1958, America launched their satellite as well. But 3 years later, in 1961, America got another shock. Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, was the first person to go to space. The Soviets beat America once again. One week later, the then President of America, John F. Kennedy, wrote a letter to the Vice President dated 20th April 1961. He asked the Vice President how they could beat the Soviet Union. "...by putting a laboratory in space, or by a trip around the moon,..." "Are we working 24 hours a day on existing programs? If not, why not?" "Are we making the maximum effort?" Asking if there was another space program that could be achieved quickly that would produce dramatic results and give them a lead in the race. He got the answer some days later he soon realised that the next big step would be to send humans to the moon. On 25th May 1961, in his famous speech, he promised the world that he would send humans to the moon before the end of the decade. Not only this, he also promised to get the humans back on Earth safely. "Before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon, and returning him safely to the Earth." For many, this was an unbelievable announcement. Friends, imagine 1961, There were no smartphones, no internet, there wasn't even GPS technology. The computers were so slow and old, in such times, he was promising to send humans to the moon. For this, over the next 5 years, he provided $7-$9 billion, in additional funding to the space program. The entire space agency was engaged in fulfilling this one aim. Mere months later, the tests began. First, they tested the rockets that would be used to leave the Earth. Then the heat shields of the command modules were tested. How much they'd be able to resist heat. Then the propulsion system of the service module. Between 1963 to 1967, many unmanned tests were carried out. The rockets didn't carry any humans during the tests. In February 1967, the planned the first manned tests. A test in which astronauts will go up to space in the rockets. This was the Apollo 1 mission. But during the tests on Earth, on 27th January 1967, the cabin caught on fire, and the three astronauts preparing to go to space, died in the fire. After this painful event, NASA didn't lose courage. Instead, it continued further testing. Apollo 4, Apollo 5, and Apollo 6, were all unmanned missions. for further testing. In October 1968, Apollo 7 mission was launched and once again they attempted to send humans to space. This was successful. Only 2 months later, in December 1968, Apollo 8 mission was launched in which three astronauts were sent near the moon. Three months later, in March 1969, Apollo 9 mission was launched. In this, the lunar module was tested. The part of the spacecraft that was actually going to land on the moon. And 2 months after that, in May 1969, was the Apollo 10 mission. In this mission, 3 astronauts had to do almost everything for practice that was supposed to be done in Apollo 11 mission, except actually landing on the moon. Look at the speed with which NASA was launching the missions one after the other. In the gap of 2 to 3 months, a new mission to test the next thing. Testing the rockets, spacecraft, going to the moon, and after all these tests, finally, on 16th July 1969, Apollo 11 mission was launched. "...2...1....0! All engine running. Liftoff, we have a liftoff. 32 minutes past the hour. Liftoff of Apollo 11." Three astronauts were a part of this mission. 38-year-old commander Neil Armstrong, he led this mission. The pilot of the Command Module,Michael Collins, And the pilot of the Lunar Module,Edwin Buzz Aldrin. These three names are inscribed in the pages of history. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become famous names everyone knows them today. But Michael Collins isn't very popular the reason for this is very interesting,I'll tell you later in this video. The spacecraft of this Apollo 11 mission, had three main parts. The Command Module, Service Module, and the Lunar Module. The first two are collectively known as CSM. Command and Service Module. They aimed to detach the Lunar Module and have it land on the moon. And to return, the Lunar Module would have to be relaunched and attached to the CSM, to enable the astronauts to return to Earth. To launch this spacecraft, a Saturn V-5 rocket was to be used. Before the launch, the rocket was loaded with 1 million gallon of Kerosene, Liquid Oxygen, and Liquid Hydrogen. The weight of this rocket was 3 million kg. With its help, the spacecraft reached Earth's orbit. It took less than 10 minutes to reach the orbit. Then they made about 1.5 revolutions around the Earth, after which they were given the permission from the mission control, the mission control was of course based on Earth, they communicated their permission to begin Trans-Lunar Injection. i.e., taking the spacecraft out of Earth's orbit and towards Moon's orbit. To leave Earth's orbit, the Saturn V-5 rocket was used. This was the third stage for the rocket. These events took place within 5 hours of the launch. But to actually reach the moon, took several days. Astronauts waited in the spacecraft the ate, slept, and took pictures of themselves and their surroundings, 19th July 1969, After travelling for almost 400,000 km, The Apollo 11 spacecraft reached moon's orbit. Here, it was supposed to be split into 2. The Command and Service Module separated from the Lunar Module. Michael Collins was in the Command Module, This part of the spacecraft was nicknamed Columbia. And the Lunar Module was nicknamed the Eagle. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were in it. The thing is that, the command and service module,was tasked to remain in the moon's orbit. Only the lunar module was going to land on the moon. It meant that only Armstrong and Aldrin had the chance to step on the moon, and not Michael Collins. Perhaps, this is the reason why not many people know Michael Collins. Even though he was a part of the Apollo mission, he did not step on the moon.
By Vashundhara2 years ago in Earth
