Setting

In literature, the setting refers to the time and place in which a story takes place. It encompasses the physical environment, historical context, and often the social or cultural conditions that frame the narrative. The setting is a crucial element in storytelling, as it helps to establish the backdrop against which the characters and events of the story unfold. Here are some key aspects of setting in literature:

Time Period.

The setting can specify a particular era or time period, such as the 19th century, the Middle Ages, the future, or the present day. The time period can influence the language used, the technology available, and the societal norms depicted in the story.

Specifying a Time Period.

When an author sets a story in a particular era or time period, they are essentially telling readers when the events of the story are taking place. For example, they might choose to set the story in the 19th century, the Middle Ages, the future, or the present day. This choice of time period can have several significant implications for the narrative.

Influence on Language.

The language used in a story is often influenced by the time period in which it is set. Different eras have distinct vocabularies, linguistic styles, and idioms. For example, if a story is set in the 19th century, the characters may use language that reflects the speech patterns and vocabulary of that historical period, which can include formal speech and archaic words. Conversely, a story set in the future might incorporate futuristic slang or technical jargon that reflects advancements in language and communication.

Technology Available.

The level of technological advancement in a given time period can significantly impact the plot and the characters' actions. For instance, in a story set in the 19th century, characters may not have access to modern technologies like smartphones or the internet, which can affect how they communicate, travel, and solve problems. In contrast, a story set in the future might feature advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, space travel, or virtual reality, which can open up new possibilities and challenges for the characters.

Societal Norms.

Each time period has its own set of societal norms, values, and expectations. These norms can shape the behavior and decisions of the characters in the story. For example, societal norms related to gender roles, class distinctions, and moral standards can vary widely from one era to another. Authors often use these differences to explore themes related to social change, conformity, rebellion, or the clash of values.

Examples.

"Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen (1813).

This classic novel is set in early 19th-century England, during the Regency era. The time period is crucial to the story's exploration of social norms, class distinctions, and the role of women in society. The novel's setting reflects the manners and customs of the time, influencing the characters' behavior and the conflicts that arise.

2. "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald (1925).

This novel is set in the Roaring Twenties, a period of excess and decadence in America. The extravagant parties, wealth, and social dynamics of the Jazz Age are central to the story, reflecting the disillusionment and moral decay of the time.

3. "1984" by George Orwell (1949).

The novel is set in a dystopian future, specifically the year 1984. The time period serves as a warning about totalitarianism and the erosion of individual freedoms. Orwell's portrayal of a bleak and oppressive society is a commentary on the political climate of the mid-20th century.

In some African Novels

"Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe (1958).

Set in pre-colonial Nigeria, this novel explores the Igbo society and culture before the arrival of British colonialism. The time period is essential to the examination of tradition, change, and the impact of colonialism on African societies.

"Half of a Yellow Sun" by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2006).

This novel is set in Nigeria during the Biafran War (1967-1970). It portrays the lives of characters caught in the turmoil of the conflict and explores themes of love, identity, and the consequences of war.

"The Cairo Trilogy" by Naguib Mahfouz (1956-1957).

Comprising three novels, this epic work is set in Cairo, Egypt, during the early to mid-20th century. It offers a panoramic view of Egyptian society, politics, and culture during a time of significant change.

"Season of Migration to the North" by Tayeb Salih (1966).

This novel is set in Sudan and Europe, primarily in the mid-20th century. It explores the life of the protagonist, Mustafa Sa'eed, who returns to Sudan after living in England and how his experiences in both places shape his identity and relationships.

"Nervous Conditions" by Tsitsi Dangarembga (1988).

Set in 1960s and 1970s Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), this novel tells the story of a young girl named Tambudzai and her struggle for education and identity in a society marked by colonialism and gender inequality.

"A Man of the People" by Chinua Achebe (1966)

This satirical novel is set in an unnamed African country during the period leading up to its independence from colonial rule. It offers a critical view of political corruption and post-colonial disillusionment.

"The Beautiful Ones Are Not Yet Born" by Ayi Kwei Armah (1968).

Set in post-independence Ghana, this novel delves into the moral and political decay of a society struggling with corruption and disillusionment in the early years of independence.

The choice of setting in terms of time period is a crucial decision for authors, as it has a ripple effect on various elements of the story. It not only helps to create a vivid and immersive world for readers but also influences how characters speak, interact, and navigate their fictional universe. Additionally, it allows authors to comment on or explore the unique characteristics and challenges of different historical periods or speculative futures.

(Open AI, 2023)