The Israel-Arab conflict part(1)

The Arab-Israeli conflict, also known as the Arab-Israeli conflict, is a complex and long-standing conflict, largely revolving around competing national, territorial, and historical claims in the Middle East. Here is an overview of the conflict:

Historical Context:

The origins of the conflict date back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when Jewish immigration to the area was then increasingly called Palestine, due to the Zionist movement's goal of establishing a Jewish homeland.

Tensions escalated with the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, leading to the displacement of Palestinian Arabs and subsequent wars between Israel and neighboring Arab countries.

Key issues:

Territorial conflict: The main issue concerns competing land claims, especially in the West Bank, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem. Israelis and Palestinians claim their rights to these areas.

Refugee crisis: The conflict has created a large number of Palestinian refugees, with millions living in refugee camps in the region. The right to return to their homeland is a deeply controversial issue.

Security concerns: Israel cites security concerns resulting from historical conflicts and acts of terrorism to justify its military presence in certain areas, e.g. West Coast.

Jerusalem: Jerusalem is an important point of contention, with both Israelis and Palestinians claiming it as their capital. The status of Jerusalem remains an extremely sensitive issue.

Recognition and the peace process: Long-term peace negotiation efforts have taken place over the years, including the Oslo Accords and Camp David. However, a comprehensive solution remains elusive.

International Involvement: The international community, including the United Nations, the United States, and other world powers, has been involved in mediation and the search for a peaceful solution. Various peace plans have been proposed but have failed to provide a lasting solution.

Ongoing challenges:

The Arab-Israeli conflict has resulted in numerous wars, uprisings, and episodes of intense violence, resulting in civilian casualties and suffering on both sides .

Humanitarian concerns persist, especially in the Gaza Strip, where the blockade has restricted the movement of people and goods, affecting people's living conditions.

The situation is dynamic and developments can occur rapidly. To stay informed about the Arab-Israeli conflict and its current status, it is advisable to consult reliable sources of information and official statements from the relevant authorities.

The two-state solution, which envisions an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel, has been a prominent proposal for resolving the conflict. It's supported by many in the international community.

Arab-Israeli wars:

• 1948–49: Israel’s War of Independence and the Palestinian Nakbah

In November 1947, the United Nations (UN) voted to divide British Mandate Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state (see UN Resolution 181). Clashes broke out almost immediately between Jews and Arabs in Palestine. As British troops prepared to withdraw from Palestine, the conflict continued to escalate, with Jewish and Arab forces joining the fight. Among the most notorious events was the attack on the Arab village of Deir Yassin on April 9, 1948. News of the brutal massacre in

by Irgun Zvai Leumi and the Stern Gang spread widely and caused both panic and retaliation.A few days later, Arab forces attacked a Jewish convoy heading to Hadassah Hospital, killing 78 people.

Before the British army withdrew, on May 15, 1948, Israel declared independence. The next day, Arab forces from Egypt, Transjordan (Jordan), Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon occupied areas of southern and eastern Palestine not allocated to the Jews by the United Nations, then occupied East Jerusalem, including the small Jewish area. a quarter. of Old Town. The stated aim of the invasion was to restore law and order after the British withdrawal, citing incidents such as the

incident at Dayr Yāsīn and the growing refugee crisis in neighboring Arab countries. neighbors. Meanwhile, the Israelis took control of the main road to Jerusalem through the Yehuda Mountains ("Judean Hills") and successfully repelled repeated Arab attacks. By early 1949, the Israelis had succeeded in capturing all of the Negev as far as the former Egyptian-Palestinian border, with the exception of the Gaza Strip.

From February to July 1949, following separate armistices between Israel and each Arab country, a temporary border was established between Israel and its neighbors. In Israel, this war is called the War of Independence. In the Arab world, it is known as Nakbah (or Nakba; "Disaster") due to the large number of refugees and people displaced by the war.

• 1956: Suez Crisis:

Tensions increased again after Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, a fervent pan-Arab nationalist, came to power. Nasser took a hostile stance towards Israel. In 1956, Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, a vital waterway connecting Europe and Asia that was largely owned by French and British companies. France and Britain responded by reaching an agreement with Israel - whose ships were banned from using the canal and whose southern port of Elat was blockaded by Egypt - under which Israel would invade Egypt in ; France and Britain would then intervene, ostensibly as mediators, and take control of the canal.

In October 1956, Israel invaded Egypt's Sinai Peninsula. In five days, the Israeli army captured Gaza, Rafaḥ, and Al-ʿArīsh, took thousands of prisoners, and occupied much of the peninsula east of the Suez Canal. The Israelis were then able to open maritime lines of communication through the Gulf of Aqaba. In December, following a joint Anglo-French intervention, a United Nations emergency force was stationed in the area and Israeli forces withdrew in March 1957. Although Egyptian forces were beaten and Defeated on all fronts, the Suez Crisis, as it is sometimes called, occurred. considered by the Arabs to be an Egyptian victory. Egypt lifts the Elat blockade. A United Nations buffer force has been deployed in the Sinai Peninsula.

• 1967: Six-Day War: From June 5 to 10, 1967, Arab and Israeli troops engaged for the third time in what became known as the Six-Day War (or June War). Syria escalated its shelling of Israeli communities from its strongholds on the Golan Heights in early 1967. When the Israeli Air Force shot down six Syrian MiG aircraft in reprisal, Nasser organized his forces along the Sinai border, relocating UN personnel, and attempting to blockade Elat once again. Egypt and Jordan signed a mutual defense treaty in May 1967. In response to the Arabs' hasty entry into the conflict, Israel launched a surprise air strike, eliminating Egypt's air force on the ground. Israel's triumph on the ground was also decisive. Israeli forces drove Syrian troops from the Golan Heights, took control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, and drove Jordanian forces out of the West Bank. It should be noted that Israel retains sole control of Jerusalem.
• 1973: Yom Kippur War: Sporadic fighting after the Six-Day War escalated to a full-scale war in 1973. On October 6, the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur (hence the name "Yom Kippur War"), Israel was overrun by Egyptian troops without any prior preparation. Suez Canal and Syrian forces entered the Golan Heights.

The Arab army demonstrated greater aggression and fighting ability than in previous wars, and Israeli forces suffered heavy losses. However, the Israeli army reversed many of the initial failures and entered Syria, encircling the Egyptian Third Army by crossing the Suez Canal and placing soldiers on the country's west bank. It never recovered the allegedly formidable defences around the Suez Canal that Egypt had demolished during its earlier victories.The violence lasted all of Ramadan, the Muslim holy month, and concluded on October 26.

On November 11, 1974, Israel signed a formal cease-fire deal with Egypt, and on May 31, 1974, with Syria. On January 18, 1974, Israel and Egypt signed a pullout agreement in which Israel agreed to withdraw from Sinai west of the Mitla and Gidi crossings, while Egypt agreed to reduce the bulk of its soldiers on the canal's east bank. Between the two armies, a United Nations peacekeeping force was organized. Another agreement, signed on September 4, 1975, reinforced this one.

On March 26, 1979, Israel and Egypt signed a peace deal, effectively ending a 30-year state of war between the two countries. According to the provisions of the treaty, which arose from the Camp David Accords signed in 1978, Israel surrendered the whole Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for Egypt recognizing Israel's right to exist. The two nations eventually normalized diplomatic relations.