The Fascinating History of Cemeteries

“Let’s talk of graves, of worms, and epitaphs”

— William Shakespeare, Richard II

Spirited spaces

When we think of cemeteries, images of spindly trees, rusted gates, crumbling stone, and solitary mourners often come to mind. However, not too long ago, burial grounds were vibrant spaces where gardens bloomed and crowds of people leisurely walked among the tombstones. So, how did our cemeteries transform into their current state?

Recent remains

Cemeteries have a long history, with some dating back centuries. For example, Wadi al-Salaam, the largest cemetery in the world, has been in existence for generations and is the final resting place for over five million individuals. However, the majority of cemeteries as we know them today are relatively new. Throughout most of human history, burial was not the primary method of laying our deceased to rest. Our early ancestors had various alternative practices for bidding farewell to their loved ones who had passed away.

More ways than one

Some individuals were abandoned in caves, while others were left on trees or mountain peaks. Certain individuals were submerged in lakes, sent out to sea, subjected to ritual cannibalism, or cremated. Although some of these practices may appear peculiar in present times, they were means of showing profound respect for the deceased. In contrast, the earliest documented burials approximately 120,000 years ago were likely reserved for wrongdoers, excluding them from the customary ceremonies meant to pay homage to the dead.

Burying benefits

The initial interments showcased certain benefits in comparison to alternative methods: they safeguarded corpses from scavengers and harsh weather conditions, all the while shielding grieving individuals from the unpleasant sight of decomposition. These advantages likely influenced the mindset of early societies, leading to an increased prevalence of burial practices. In certain cases, these tombs included useful or ceremonial items, indicating a belief in life after death.

Gone, but not forgotten

Around 10 to 15,000 years ago, communal burials emerged in North Africa and West Asia, coinciding with the establishment of the first permanent settlements in these regions. These burial sites provided lasting locations for honoring the deceased. The Scythians, a nomadic group, scattered the steppes with burial mounds called kurgans. Meanwhile, the Etruscans constructed vast necropoles, featuring tombs along grid-patterned streets. In Rome, subterranean catacombs served as resting places for both cremation urns and intact bodies.

Sleeping is for the dead

The term cemetery, also known as a “sleeping chamber,” originated from the ancient Greeks. They constructed burial sites in graveyards located on the outskirts of their cities. During the medieval period in European cities, Christian churchyards served as uncommon open areas for the deceased. However, these churchyards also served as venues for markets, fairs, and various other events. Interestingly, farmers even allowed cattle to graze in these churchyards, as they believed that the grass growing in graveyards resulted in sweeter milk.

Everyone is welcome

During the industrial revolution, the expansion of cities led to the substitution of smaller urban churchyards with larger suburban cemeteries. These cemeteries, such as the 110-acre Père-Lachaise in Paris and the 72-acre Mt. Auburn in Cambridge, Massachusetts, were beautifully designed gardens adorned with sculpted stones and elaborate tombs. While initially a privilege exclusive to the wealthy and influential, individually marked graves became accessible to the middle and working classes.

Engaging exequies

Cemeteries were frequented by individuals for funerals, as well as for commemorations, festivities, or just a leisurely time spent outdoors. Towards the end of the 19th century, with the emergence of numerous public parks and botanical gardens, cemeteries started experiencing a decline in visitors. Presently, numerous ancient cemeteries remain desolate. However, a few are successfully enticing visitors once again through the offering of guided tours, concerts, and other engaging activities.

Everlasting effects

However, as we revive historical burial grounds, we are also reconsidering the future of burial. Major cities such as London, New York, and Hong Kong are facing a scarcity of burial space. Even in areas where space is not as constrained, cemeteries permanently occupy land that cannot be utilized for other purposes. Moreover, traditional burial practices require the use of materials like metal, stone, and concrete, which can deplete resources and potentially contaminate soil and groundwater with harmful substances.

Eclectic entombment

As people become more conscious of the ecological implications, they are exploring different choices. Numerous individuals are now opting for cremation and similar methods. In addition to these traditional approaches, individuals now have the opportunity to have their ashes launched into space, utilized as fertilizer for a tree, or transformed into jewelry, fireworks, and even tattoo ink. In the coming years, these alternatives may potentially replace traditional burial methods entirely.

Cemeteries are perhaps the most recognizable memorials dedicated to those who have passed away; however, they represent only a single phase in our continuously developing approach to commemorating and paying tribute to the deceased.