Singularity discovered by scientists at the center of a black hole will collapse the laws of physics as we know it

Scientists have discovered singularities at the center of black holes and at the start of the Big Bang that represent nothing in physics and tell people that the laws of physics as we know them are breaking down.

Let's all imagine that if we say that gravity compresses us into an infinitely small point, then we are so small that we don't occupy any volume. This sounds impossible.

But scientists have found some "singularities" at the center of the black hole and at the beginning of the big bang.

When these singularities appear in mathematics, they represent nothing in physics, and they also tell people that our physical theories are crumbling and that we need to replace them with better explanations in the future.

What is a singularity?

Singularities can appear anywhere in the universe, and physicists commonly use them to understand the mathematics of the universe.

The so-called singularity is a very peculiar point that exists in a black hole. It is also the starting point of the big bang and the end point of the big collapse.

In mathematics, a singularity is usually a point on a mathematical object called an undefined point, or a point that appears in an anomalous set when it cannot be completely ordered under special circumstances.

It's where "misbehaving" occurs in mathematics. Because when a fraction's numerator is a finite value and the denominator becomes zero, the result usually yields an infinite value.

Most of these singularities can usually be solved by pointing out that the equation is missing something, or by pointing out the physical possibility that the singularity will never be reached. In other words, they may not be "real".

But there are singularities in physics for which there is no easy solution. The most famous is the gravitational singularity, a "point" referred to in Big Bang cosmology. The theory holds that the universe formed after a "big bang" at this "point". This is our current best theory of how gravity works.

Classification of singularities?

A singularity is a "point" with infinite density, infinitely high curvature of spacetime, infinitely high heat, and infinitely small volume. All known laws of physics fail at singularities.

Singularities are often thought of as a point where the well-known laws of physics fail, but in principle they can take the form of a 1D line or even a 2D brane.

In general relativity, singularities are divided into two types: coordinate singularities and true singularities. A coordinate singularity occurs when infinity appears in one coordinate system and disappears in another.

When physicist Carl Schwarzschild applied general relativity to a simple spherical mass system, he discovered that the solution had two singularities, one at the exact center and the other at a certain distance from the center.

For years, physicists thought that these two singularities heralded the collapse of the theory, but it didn't matter as long as the sphere's radius was larger than Schwarzschild's.

According to San Jose State University, all physicists need is general relativity to predict the effects of gravity on mass.

If an object were squeezed below its own Schwarzschild radius, the singularity would be out of mass, and that would mean general relativity would collapse in regions where it shouldn't exist. So people quickly discovered that the singularity at the Schwarzschild radius is the coordinate singularity.

Astrophysicist Ethan Siegel wrote in Forbes that while the change in the coordinate system eliminated the singularity, he preserved general relativity, allowing it to still make valid predictions.

Therefore, according to the equation of general relativity, as long as a non-rotating Schwarzschild black hole is formed, then the matter within the event horizon of the black hole must be able to collapse into a singularity of infinite density under the action of gravity.

The uniform expansion of the universe from the Big Bang is a mirror image of the collapse of this black hole, meaning the universe was born from a singularity.

Einstein said that time and space are hallucinations that people perceive. Time is because of the changes of all things in the universe, so that people have the concept of time. At the singularity, with the birth of the universe, changes begin, and this is the beginning of the universe.

According to a statement from National Geographic, if the object you are about to squeeze is below its Schwarzschild radius, its own gravitational pull becomes so strong that it can continue to squeeze itself. , until it becomes an infinitesimal point.

For decades, physicists have debated whether he collapsed into an infinitesimal point, or whether he had other forces that could prevent him from collapsing completely.

While white dwarfs and neutron stars can support themselves indefinitely, anything larger than six times the mass of the sun will have enough gravitational pull to overwhelm all other forces and eventually collapse into an infinitely small point. That's a real singularity, NASA says.

Other singularities?

What we call a black hole is a naked singularity, a point of infinite density surrounded by an event horizon within the Schwarzschild radius.

Physicists have long believed that in general relativity, all of these singularities are surrounded by an event horizon. This concept is called the cosmic censorship hypothesis.

According to Quanta Magazine, the event horizon "protects" the singularity from outside observers unless they cross the event horizon. So computer simulations and theoretical work raise the possibility of naked singularities.

It was named because some people speculated that some process in the universe would prevent (or "censor") the singularity.

A naked singularity is a singularity without an event horizon that can be observed from the outer universe, but whether this exposed singularity exists is still a matter of debate.

Because they are mathematical singularities, no one knows what the center of a black hole is. To understand it, we also need a theory of gravity that goes beyond general relativity.

Specifically, we need a theory of quantum gravity to understand him. According to the physics of the universe, quantum gravity theory can describe the behavior of strong gravity on a very small scale.

Otherwise the known laws of physics, including general relativity, seem to really fail when we deal with objects smaller than the Planck length or time.

Meaning, at such scales, a reasonable assumption is that under the influence of quantum processes, matter that collapses into a singularity might "bounce" and expand outward into another set of dimensions. Some believe that the "singularity" of the Big Bang was actually such a rebound.

Quantum Gravity Theory

Modify or replace general relativity to replace the black hole singularity hypothesis including Planck stars, gravitational stars and dark energy stars, but these ideas are hypotheses, and the real answer must wait for quantum gravity theory.

A professor of theoretical physics at Caltech, defines a quantum singularity as a place where gravity separates space and time from each other, undermining the notion of time and the determinism of space.

What's left is a 'quantum bubble' from which anything can emerge. Singularities, especially those associated with spinning black holes and naked singularities, might even allow time travel.

It is assumed that the big bang theory of general relativity is a modern cosmological model of the history of the universe, so it also contains a singularity.

According to the Big Bang theory, about 13.77 billion years ago, the entire universe was compressed into an infinitesimal point. While physicists know this conclusion is wrong, the Big Bang theory has been as successful as black holes in describing the history of the universe from that moment on.

The existence of the Big Bang singularity tells scientists that general relativity is incomplete and needs to be updated. Another possible solution is causal set theory.

Under causal set theory, spacetime is made up of discrete chunks called "spacetime atoms," which are not a smooth continuum like general relativity.

Physicist Bruno Bento, who studies the subject at the University of Liverpool in the UK, told LiveScience that nothing is smaller than one of these "atoms," so singularities are impossible.

After these initial moments, "somewhere in the distance, the universe becomes large enough and 'behaves well' that the continuous spacetime approximation becomes a good description, and general relativity can also take over what we see. ".

While there is no universally accepted solution to the Big Bang singularity problem, physicists hope they will find a solution soon, and they love their work.

As Bento puts it, "I've always been fascinated by the universe, and there's a lot in reality that most people associate with science fiction or even fantasy."