SARS CoV2

Literature Survey about SARS-CoV2

The utmost priority for a vaccine to be formulated is the safety. It is strictly examined that the vaccine should not produce serious side effects in the body of patient upon which it is applied. The second priority is the efficacy of the vaccine. This virus may be shown with the symptoms ranging from mild sore throat to patient being hospitalized. In the wake of recent outbreak of Covid-19, the research conducted on SARS-CoV is again under consideration in order for a suitable vaccine to be introduced before it impacts far more severely. The work on designing of new vaccines for SARS-CoV was ceased as no new cases emerged and reported. So the efforts made in the past for designing the vaccine for MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV has again caught the eyes of biologists because of great demand of research on it. The genealogical studies told that SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have quite similar sequence of genes. This is also because that a good vaccine is required to be formulated in a very short period of as the pandemic has captured the people around the globe. The great investment is required for developing the vaccine. So the studies conducted in the past are appreciated to save time, money etc.

Both the viruses contain N-, E-, S-, M-proteins which are 90%, 94%, 76% and 90% similar, respectively. The similarity in protein S is observed to be lesser suggesting that the SARS-CoV has undergone mutation process all these years. Therefore, it serves as a clue for the development of new vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. The S, N and M proteins or they all in their combined form are reported to have been used for the formulation of vaccine. E protein may be included or excluded depending upon the demand of experiment.

The S-glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 attaches with the enzyme (ACE-2) which is present in the body of host through its RBC such that the antibodies end up being appeared in host. This protein having two subunits namely S1 and S1 gets attached to host through S1 whereas the process of infusion is caused by the S2. Both of these subunits cause host to induce stimulation. Hence, they can also be employed as potential candidates as vaccine. The S1 found to be more effective than S2 when it comes to inducing the stimulation. Thus, this protein can be employed as vaccine against covid-19 as it is used to induce stimulation in animal model as well as stimulate the responses of T-cell. The N protein of SARS-CoV is reported to be able to be used as vaccine in combating with coronavirus despite inducing lesser stimulation. M proteins, on the other hand, producing long term stimulation can be used as potential candidate for vaccine against the virus.

Current Scenario

The biologists and scientists from international companies are concerned with the formulation of vaccine for treatment of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Many medicines or vaccines (more than hundred) are ready to be clinically-tried before being officially approved. They are to be presented for all the phases of clinical trial.

Some of the vaccines are under investigation in terms of side effects and induction of stimulation. One of those candidates is inactivated virus which is ready to be tried on people of different ages for phases 1, 2 and 3 etc.

Some Potential Factor for Vaccine Formulation

There are three potential factors which need to be taken into consideration before formulation of vaccine for the treatment of coronavirus.

• The model

• Administration route

• The adjuvant which is to be used

The Animal Model

Some objectives are to be achieved before selecting animal model.

• To characterize the disease to assess the effects.

• Characterization of responses stimulated.

• Assessment of responses produced by vaccine.

• The symptoms shown after trail.

• The computational methods are applied to determine the model.

In this way, wastage of time and the expenses for the experiment of models which are not necessary can be avoided. Hence, the animal model provides ample information and helps for the assessment of responses in order to design vaccine. Different responses are also sometimes observed in animal model which does not take place in humans. The reproduction of virus in animals may differ from that in human as it is of zoonotic origin. The symptoms may also differ in both in terms of severity.