Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

I want you to really look at yourself for a moment.

I'm not suggesting that you take stock of your life—that really isn't my business—but rather that you simply examine your body.

Move your hand around with your raised hand. Drink some water. Take a deep breath. Feel the air.

These things are so straightforward for the majority of us that we don't give them a second's thought.

However, despite appearances to the contrary, each of those things is infinitely more intricate.

Every day you spend is the result of a complicated system working together to work properly. In short, you, my friend, are an amazing beast. You are more convoluted and prolific and polymorphous awesome than you probably even imagine. For instance, did you know that if they were all stretched out, your intestines would be about as long as a three story building is tall? Or that by the time you reach old age, you’ll have produced enough saliva to fill more than one swimming pool? Or on the other hand that you lose around 66% of a kilogram consistently in dead skin cells? And over the course of your lifetime, you will shed more than 50 kilograms? Dust mite colonies are fed by tiny, dried-up pieces of you floating around your house and landing on your bookshelves. You're your own little world.

What's more, I'm here to assist you with getting to know the body that you call a home, through the twin

disciplines of life systems - the investigation of the design and connections between body parts,

furthermore, physiology - the study of how those parts meet up to work, and keep that body alive.

Life structures is about what your body is, physiology is about what it does. Also, together, they contain the study of us. It's a muddled science - I won't deceive you - and it draws on a ton of other disciplines, similar to science and even physical science. Additionally, you will need to learn a lot of new terms, including a lot of Latin and Greek. However, this course will not merely consist of a diagram of how a slice of pizza gives you energy or an inventory of your individual parts. Because the real focus of these fields is on the reasons you are alive right now, how you got here, how illness affects you, and how your body recovers from injury and illness.

It's about the higher perspective things that we either invest the greater part of our energy pondering, or on the other hand doing whatever it takes not to contemplate: sex, eating, sleeping, and even thinking itself are all forms of death.

Anatomy and physiology provide us with an understanding of all of these processes. Assuming that you focus, and assuming I take care of my business competently enough, you'll emerge from this course with a more extravagant, more complete comprehension not just of how your body functions, to create everything

from a handshake to a coronary failure, yet I think you'll likewise begin to see that you

truly are something other than the amount of your parts. By studying a lot of dead bodies, we have learned more about the living body.

Furthermore, for quite a while, we did this for the most part stealthily. In many societies, the dissection of human bodies was extremely taboo for centuries. The study of anatomy, on the other hand, has taken a long, slow, and frequently creepy path. Galen, a Greek physician who lived in the second century, used vivisections on pigs to learn as much as he could about the human body. Da Vinci sketched his exquisitely detailed anatomical drawings while he poked around dead bodies until the pope told him to stop.

The study of human anatomy became such a craze in Europe that grave-robbing became a lucrative, if not legal, occupation... until 1832, when Britain passed the Anatomy Act, which provided students with numerous corpses in the form of executed murderers. Certified anatomists were not allowed to perform tightly regulated human dissections until the 17th and 18th centuries. These events were so popular that they were frequently public events that were attended by the likes of Michelangelo and Rembrandt. Until 1832, when Britain passed the Anatomy Act, which provided students with numerous corpses in the form of executed murderers, grave-robbing was a lucrative, if not legal, occupation. In Europe, the study of human anatomy became such a craze that it became a mania.

Students of anatomy and physiology still dissect educational cadavers to learn about the inside of a human body in person and hands-on. Furthermore, it is permissible. The corpses are volunteers - - which individuals mean when they say they're "giving their body to science. "So, what have all these bodies revealed to us?

Indeed, one major thought we see again and again is that the capability of a cell or an organ or an entire organic entity generally mirrors its structure. Because your heart's valves prevent blood from flowing backward, it only moves in one direction. In the same way, your strong, hard bones are able to protect and support all of your soft parts. The fundamental concept known as complementarity of structure and function is that a structure's capabilities are influenced by its particular form.

Additionally, it is true at each and every level of your body's organization, from cells to tissues to systems. Also, it starts with the littlest of the little: atoms. You are just a collection of atoms, roughly 7 octillions in number, just like the chair you're sitting on. Crash Course Chemistry has, fortunately for both of us, covered the fundamentals of chemistry that every incoming physiology student needs to know. As a result, throughout the course, I will direct you there regarding atomic-level processes.

Cell chemistry, on the other hand, is the next level up from the chemistry of atoms and molecules. All cells share a few fundamental capabilities practically speaking, yet they likewise fluctuate generally in size and shape, contingent upon their motivation.

For instance, the red blood cell is one of your body's smallest cells, measuring approximately 5 micrometers across. Now, compare that to the one motor neuron that runs the length of your entire leg, about a meter from your big toe to the bottom of your spine. In most cases, cells join together to form the next level of organization: tissues, similar to muscles, films and pit linings, apprehensive, and connective tissues. At the point when at least two tissue types join, they structure organs - - the heart, liver, lungs, skin and etcetera that carry out unambiguous roles to keep the body running. Organ systems are systems of organs that collaborate and combine to accomplish tasks. It's the way, as, the liver, stomach, and digestive organs of your stomach related framework all join to take that burrito from plate to pooper.

Lastly, that multitude of past levels join to shape the most elevated level of association -- the actual body. Myself, you, and your dog—all of us are wonderful, complete organisms that are constructed from the precise arrangement of trillions of cells that are nearly always active.

Homeostasis is a major unifying concept in anatomy and physiology and refers to the capacity of all living systems to maintain stable internal conditions regardless of external changes. Keeping materials and energy in balance is everything for survival. For instance, you want the perfect proportion of blood, water, supplements, and oxygen to make furthermore, scatter energy, as well as the ideal physique temperature, the right circulatory strain, furthermore, effective development of waste through your body, all that necessities to remain adjusted. And by relying on it for your survival? I imply that everybody's definitive reason for death is the limit and irreversible loss of homeostasis. Organ disappointment, hypothermia, suffocation, starvation, lack of hydration - - they all lead to a similar end, by losing your inward equilibriums that permit your body to continue to deal with energy. Take the extreme case where your arm snaps off suddenly. You would bleed to death if nothing was done immediately to treat such a severe wound, right? But... what exactly does that imply? What will transpire? How do I die? Well, treating that arterial wound will result in a significant drop in blood pressure, which will prevent oxygen from being distributed throughout the body.

Therefore, the actual cause of death following such an injury is the loss of homeostasis. I mean, you don't need an arm to live a full and healthy life. Yet, you can't survive without circulatory strain, on the grounds that without blood, your cells don't get oxygen, and without oxygen, they can't deal with energy, and you bite the dust. With such countless associated parts expected to make your life conceivable, you can perceive how we really want a hyper-exact language to recognize the pieces of your body and impart what's befalling them. A specialist won't suggest a patient for medical procedure by let the specialist know that the patient has an "achy tummy. "They will have to give a point by point portrayal - - basically, it resembles a verbal guide In this way, over the long haul, life structures has fostered its own normalized set of directional terms that depicted where one body part is comparable to another. Envision an individual remaining before you - - this' known as the exemplary physical position - - where the body is erect and confronting straight ahead, with arms along the edges and palms forward.

Now think about cutting that person into various sections, or planes. Try not to envision it as well

however, graphically. The left and right sides of a body or organ are separated by the sagittal plane, which descends vertically.

The parasagittal plane is a plane that is off to one side and parallel to the sagittal plane. Everything is divided vertically into front and back by the coronal, or frontal, plane.

Additionally, the body's top and bottom are separated by the transverse, or horizontal plane. If you examine that body once more, you will discover additional divisions, such as the distinction between the axial and appendicular parts. The head, neck, and trunk are all axial parts, and the arms and legs are appendicular parts that attach to the axis of the body. The head, neck, and trunk are also axial parts. Everything in your back is posterior, or dorsal, while everything in your front is anterior, or ventral. So your eyes are foremost, and your butt is back, however you'd likewise say that your breastbone is foremost to, or before, the spine, and that the heart is back to, or behind the breastbone. Highlights toward the highest point of your body, similar to your head, are viewed as prevalent, or cranial, while structures that are further down are second rate, or caudal. Because it is above the lungs, the jaw is higher than the lungs, and the pelvis is lower than the stomach because it is below it. Also, there's something else: assuming that you envision that middle line running down the hub of a body, structures toward that midline are called average, while those farther away from the midline are parallel.

Therefore, the heart is medial to the arms and lateral to the heart. When looking at your appendicular parts—the limbs—you would classify the regions that are closer to the center of your trunk as proximal and those that are further away as distal. In anatomy, a wrist is distal to the elbow due to its distance from the center, whereas a knee is proximal to your ankle due to its proximity to the axial line.

Okay, time for a quiz!

I'm not, although I wish I were, but I'm eating a club sandwich. I'm so hungover and preoccupied that I forget to remove the tiny, frilly toothpick at the top. As a result, I swallow the toothpick along with a raft of turkey, bacon, and toast.

My doctor performs an x-ray and determines that I require surgery after a toothpick fragment becomes lodged in this area.

How would she direct the surgeon to that tiny wooden stake inside of me using anatomical language? It might be described as being "along the medial line, posterior to the heart, but anterior to the vertebrae, inferior to the collarbone, but superior to the stomach," according to her description. That would provide the specialist with a very smart thought of where to look - - in the throat, only above to the stomach! At the outset, I gave you a warning: Loads of terms!

However, it's possible that all those terms saved my life. Also, it's the finish of your first example, and you've proactively begun to talk the discussion. You now know that physiology describes how body parts work together, while anatomy studies the structure of body parts. We also talked about some of the main ideas in these fields, like how structure and function complement each other, how organizations are arranged in a hierarchy, and how homeostasis, the balance of energy and materials, is really what keeps you alive. A glossary of directional terms was then used to tie everything together with a toothpick. Much obliged to you for watching, particularly to our Sublabel endorsers, who make Intense training accessible to themselves, yet additionally every other person on the planet. To figure out how you can turn into an ally, simply go to subbable.com.

Kathleen Yale wrote this episode, Blake de Pastino edited it, and Dr. Brandon Jackson is our consultant. Our chief and manager is Nicholas Jenkins, the content boss is Valerie Barr, the sound planner is Michael Aranda, and the designs group is Thought Bistro.