Black fuel turns into clean fuel
coal gasification: a cutting-edge process in achieving sustainable development
India's energy needs keep on increasing day by day. Coal is an important source of energy that covers more than half of the energy needs of India. But burning of coal is very harmful and causes several environmental issues. As India is on their path toward achieving a green economy through sustainable development it is very much important to have sustainable and cleaner energy sources. In the interim budget for 2024, the Government of India announced many development plans in the clean energy sector. Coal gasification of 100 metric tons by the year 2030 is one such plan. Coal gasification is an alternative and better way of using coal to produce energy. It’s also more environment-friendly and can reduce carbon emissions. As you know Coal releases a lot of energy upon combustion and is used in thermal power plants to generate electricity. Another major use of coal is to produce coal gas or town gas, but it’s not very prevalent nowadays. Coal is considered to be the most polluting fossil fuel. Its by-products include several greenhouse gases, predominantly carbon dioxide (CO2). But, Coal gasification is a process in which the coal is transformed into electricity, hydrogen, and other forms of energy through partial oxidation. The coal is subjected to a high-temperature pressurized container (which is called a gasifier) and combined with hot steam and controlled amounts of oxygen under high temperatures and high pressures to generate a new component called synthetic gas or syngas. The syngas is a mixture of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, ammonia, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide. The syngas is cooled, and as much as 99 percent of the pollutant-forming impurities are removed. Different coal gasification technologies such as the moving bed, fixed bed, and fluidized bed are widely used.
Why Coal gasification?
1. Syngas burns completely without any remains and reduces air pollution; it is renewable and does not depend on fossil fuels. It emits less carbon upon burning, and other polluting gases like CO2 can be easily separated, captured, and put to other uses. This will help in addressing the problem of climate change and lead India towards sustainable development.
2. India imports 90% of methanol and 15% of ammonia. syngas will be one of the alternative energy sources that will end our dependence on foreign countries for oil and other resources.
3. The syngas derived from coal gasification can also be further treated to produce automotive fuels such as gasoline and diesel which could be used as a fuel for transportation. The hydrogen obtained from coal gasification can be used for various purposes such as fuel for vehicles, energy storage, and long-distance transport of energy, creating a hydrogen economy.
4. The syngas can also be burned in a conventional gas turbine to produce electrical energy, and the hot exhaust gas is recovered and used to boil water, creating steam for a steam turbine that also produces electrical energy. This will be an additional source of electricity as the demand for electricity may increase as EVs may be widely used in the future.
5. Syngas can be turned into natural gas and piped directly into people’s houses where it can be used as cooking gas.
6. Many by-products such as coke, coal tar, and sulphur. Coke is a smokeless fuel that is also used to make water gas as well as producer gas. Further treatment of coal tar will produce several compounds such as Benzole (an automotive fuel), Creosote, (a wood preservative), Phenol(used in the manufacturing of polymers), and Cresols, (disinfectants)
7. Setting up more gasification plants will generate job opportunities in the economy, and increase the revenue, and growth of the Indian economy.
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