Rowan Sharkawy
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someone who love to know anything & share it with every one
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The History of Rail Travel in Under 6 Minutes
[Music] welcome to the history of public transports a series will be delve into some of the most popular modes of transportation that gets us through our day-to-day lives and take a look at how they came to be this episode will be spanning from the wagon ways of ancient Greece to the steam-powered visions of george stephenson so sit back relax and wait for the refreshments trolley because this is the history of rail travel if we're going to be looking at the full history of rail travel we're going to have to go way back to the Year 600 BC the Daioh Coast in Corinth Greece is one of the earliest known rut ways which is a predecessor to the railways what we know of today it's essentially a paved road with grooves worn into the paths to guide the wheels of large wooden cars that would carry anything from goods to entire naval vessels these early versions of the technique used slaves or animals to move the cars along the tracks many similar versions of this idea existed across ancient Greece and others were found in Malta and other parts of the Roman Empire these early rough ways remained in use for around 600 years and most of them fell into disuse after the Empire collapsed it wasn't until the Dark Ages that the state of rail was closer to what we know of today the earliest known record of railways in Europe is from around 1350 on a stained-glass window in the Minister of Freiburg in Germany but the earliest surviving Railway is a cliff railway to their home in salzburg castle in salzburg austria although it is an updated version it is still functioning to this day by the mid 16th century wooden rail tracks were common in mines all across Europe and by the 1600s horse-drawn wagon ways were common in Britain it wasn't until 1768 in Coalbrookdale England that iron was used in the development of Railways iron plates were secured to wooden rails in order to reduce friction which also allowed for different gauges to be used up until this point all of the developments in the rail industry were for private use mostly for transporting goods but in 1806 the swansea and mumbles railway was opened which was the first horse-drawn passenger railway by this point steam engines had been around for just under a century or beer for pumping water rather than for rail transport and in 1812 Matthew Murray built salamanca which was to be the first commercially successful steam locomotive eventually wooden rails were phased out and more replaced with rails made from raw I earn in 1820 but they were replaced with steel shortly after in 1857 fast forward to 1825 and we find George Stevenson's famous locomotion and four years later came the introduction of Stephenson's rocket Stephenson entered rocket into a competition known as the rain hill trials and as his locomotive was the only entry to meet the full contest requirements he subsequently won the 500 pounds prize and the contract to produce his steam engine designed for the Liverpool and Manchester railway the line was opened in 1830 and was the first intercity route ever built just 20 years later in the 1850s Britain had laid a staggering 7,000 miles of track across the country the construction of the first underground railway the Metropolitan Railway in London began in 1860 and was open in 1863 this line is still running to this day but you may better know it as the Metropolitan line on the London Underground network it was at this point in history that the rail industry started to take off in the United States in 1830 the first working American locomotive built by Peter Cooper was used to cover 30 miles of track between Baltimore and Ohio a stretch of track which later went on to become a full working line a few similar sized lines were opened around this time but it wasn't until the 1850s that long-distance rail travel became a practical reality the American rail system grew massively between then in the 1890s although the Civil War did slow down certain developments by then the first transcontinental railway had been built spanning an enormous 1912 miles from the existing rail networks in Iowa and Nebraska all the way to the Pacific coast of San Francisco it wasn't long until electricity found its way into the railways with the first fully electrified line being completed in northern Italy in 1902 the early 1900's saw the first introduction of diesel power and became commonplace after World War two since the price of labor needed for the upkeep of steam locomotives increased massively and consequently made steam power travel financially impractical during the war internal combustion engine technology had dramatically advanced to a point where they were cheaper to run and even more powerful than steam locomotives which caused many railway companies to switch to diesel and as if the rail industry wasn't suffering enough already the large-scale construction of motorways came shortly after the end of World War two making rail and even more unpopular mode of transportation long haul travelled them became the main concern for railway companies.
By Rowan Sharkawy5 months ago in Wheel
wondering about space
What is outer space?? The void that exists between celestial bodies, including planet Earth. It is not completely empty, but consists of a relative vacuum made up of a low density of particles (particles), mostly hydrogen and helium plasma, as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, and neutrons. Observations have recently proven that it contains dark matter and energy as well.
By Rowan Sharkawy5 months ago in Earth
Cleopatra:
Cleopatra The upbringing and life of Cleopatra: was born in 69 bc in the city of alexandria founded by alexander the great situated in the nile delta cleopatra was an important queen of ancient egypt and her name continues to this day she is one of the best known women in the history of mankind throughout her life she stood as a strategist determined very intelligent cunning and owner of a gigantic fortune once the greek philosopher plutarch wrote the following about her the contact with her presence if we lived with her was irresistible the egyptian ruler fascinated many people in her time to this day she continues to enchant many her life trajectory is widely studied researched and debated.
By Rowan Sharkawy5 months ago in 01
What If The EARTH STOPPED SPINNING?
if the Earth were to suddenly stop spinning it would be catastrophic for much of the planet's surface despite not feeling it we are all moving along with the planet as it rotates at the Equator this is around one thousand miles per hour if the planet were to stop suddenly everything on its surface would be launched Eastward at hundreds of miles an hour people houses trees Boulders and more would be sent flying sideways afterward high-speed winds would scour the surface clean if the Slowdown occurred more gradually the effects would still be dramatic but would unfold over a longer period the first thing we might notice is that the sun no longer moves across the sky during the day the apparent motion of the sun is due to Earth's rotation so if the planet were stationary a single day would last half a year although we could enjoy some very long sunsets without 24-hour days biological circadian rhythms would be completely disrupted the rhythmic cellular processes that tell our bodies when to sleep and when to wake depend on regular changes in sunlight many creatures on Earth rely on circadian rhythms to carry out their lives changing these Cycles could disrupt normal behavior patterns atmospheric patterns on Earth are also linked to the planet's rotation if the planet stops spinning it would greatly change air currents wind patterns play a significant role in driving rainfall and temperatures around the globe changes to air currents could result in deserts blooming where forests currently stand or frozen tundra becoming habitable we are already seeing something similar on a smaller scale as climate change Alters global weather patterns the results could be catastrophic for organisms that depend on specific environments emotionless Planet would also mean no more hurricanes these massive rotating storms are created by coriolis forces derived from the planet's rotation winds pulled into a growing Storm's low pressure area are spun counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere resulting in spiraling lines and a central line that Define a hurricane this process is one reason why storms can grow so powerful so eliminating them might be one of the few benefits of stopping the planet's spin however a motionless Planet would likely also mean the end of our magnetic field although scientists are still unclear about the exact mechanisms it is thought that movements of Earth's liquid mental core create a magnetic field scientists call this a Dynamo and it results in a web of invisible magnetic field lines arcing around the planet losing the field would have far worse consequences than just losing our ability to navigate by compass Earth's magnetic field protects us from cosmic rays and electromagnetic storms from the Sun among other things it is definitely something we want to keep as far as we know there are no planets that do not rotate at all the processes that form planets and other celestial bodies naturally result in rotation meaning all worlds spin from the outset however some planets appear not to rotate something astronomers call tidal locking these worlds always show the same face to their star resulting in permanent night and day sides gravitational interactions between planets and their Stars can gradually slow down a planet's rotation rate until it matches its orbital period the Moon is a good example of tidal locking we only see one side of the moon because it is tidally locked to Earth this situation likely occurs on many exoplanets especially those close to their Stars where the gravitational pull is stronger though these planets might seem extreme Frozen on one side and baked on the other some scientists have suggested that life might still find a way there some astronomers believe that extraterrestrial life could thrive in the Twilight Zone of tidally locked worlds near where day turns to night others have theorized that atmospheric circulation might keep some tidally locked worlds temperate all over if heat could be spread efficiently around the planet Earth is unlikely to ever become tidally locked to the sun we are too far away for that to happen and although our planet's rotation is slowing down slightly a day gets about 1.7 milliseconds longer every Century our planet should never stop spinning completely that's something to be thankful for
By Rowan Sharkawy5 months ago in Earth
What If You Spent 5 Seconds on Uranus?
if this is how you picture walking on Uranus you're wrong let's start this again are you ready to take a trip to the outer regions of the solar system to explore the weirdest planet in our Cosmic neighborhood to venture down into a place that's never been studied up close by any spacecraft buckle up for an icy violent and stinky Adventure because your mission is to spend 5 seconds on Uranus and come back if you can traveling to Uranus would be a long strange Journey first you'd have to spend 10 long years in a spaceship speeding toward the outskirts of the solar system if you're lucky you might even pass Jupiter and Saturn on the way just make sure you pack enough food and fuel well there are some things you should know about this world Uranus isn't a rocky planet like Earth it's an ice giant like Neptune and it's the only planet in the solar system that spins on its side it spins fast too one day on Uranus is just 17 Earth hours of course you wouldn't last that long on it not a chance once you arrived at your destination you still have some work to do to get close to this giant blue planet you might have to dodge Uranian Rings yeah Uranus has rings 13 of them they aren't big and Majestic like the gorgeous rings of Saturn the outer rings are bright and easy to spot but the inner rings are narrow and dark you'd have to navigate this part of the trip with the utmost care as you made your way through the dusty rings of Uranus you'd see its glorious blue atmosphere up close for the first time in human history take a moment to enjoy the ah Uranus what an odd balls Planet you know I flew by it a month ago that was fun you want to know why no body and I mean nobody has ever tried to land anything on the surface of this bootyful planet because Uranus has no surface it's just a swirling ball of toxic gas compressed around a small icy core oh and wait till I tell you why those gases on Uranus are toxic yeah gross yeah okay thanks for your input Chase it's true Uranus might have a calming blue color but it's cold and toxic not the kind of blue planet you want to visit that's okay I think you should sit this one out here I go [Music] woohoo H it's brisk here oh Rico what's the temperature - 224° c oh that's cold that explains why feel my fingers or my toes or the rest of my body okay well at least those 5 seconds are done okay Rico it's time to go home let's bounce impossible if my calculations are correct you will reach the icy core in 54.4 minutes so what that wasn't the plan what's point4 of a minute you seconds you dumb bot I suggest you take this opportunity to study the planet up close and report back well I suggest you take this opportunity and stuffing up your charging port I don't have a charging port no one cares Rico no one cares honestly this sucks Uranus smells like yeah the reason Uranus smells so bad is that the clouds in its upper atmosphere are partially made up of hydrogen sulfide not only does this make the planet stink but it's also pretty toxic whatever you do do not inhale it if you did it' make you faint and die instantly what would have been real nice to know this before I jumped yeah well after falling through the stinky clouds at the top atmosphere you'd find yourself in the mix of 82% hydrogen 15% helium and a bit of methane methane gas is what gives Uranus that bluish green Haze because it absorbs light at the red end of the spectrum huh these uh these clouds are getting a little weird kind of floaty yeah the atmosphere on Uranus is very dense after passing through its top layer you'd stop falling and start swimming in it instead as you were paddling deeper you'd start getting pelted by Frozen gas crystals but at least the temperature would be rising I don't know about that I don't feel warm at all oh Rico give me the stats the temperature around you has indeed gone up to - 208° c my calculations show you can expectus 153° C in the lower atmosphere cool great ow what is that that well that's Diamond rain yeah on urinous it rains diamonds that's because the Uranian atmosphere is rich in methane a single carbon compound under extreme pressure the methane molecules break apart and crystallize into diamonds but the worst part is the wind you'd be dealing with winds gusting at speeds of up to 900 kmph that's 3 and 1/2 times stronger than a category 5 hurricane here on Earth R it's getting tighten here oh I can hardly breathe and when I do breathe it smells like ass of of course the pressure is 100 times greater than the atmospheric pressure at Earth's sea level you are approaching the mantle the good news is you wouldn't splatter on anything because there's not much in the way of solids on Uranus the Uranian mantle is made of water ammonia and methane ice it would be Pitch Black in here and thanks to the extreme gravity you wouldn't be able to move a muscle and it would still be incredibly cold what you should be worried about is the immense pressure that would be rapidly increasing the closer you got to the planet center it would squish you before you ever got to the core being crushed by Uranus I always thought it would be way nicer well in this extreme pressure environment your carbon-based body could turn into diamonds and drop down into the core what a spectacular way to finish this oneway trip to the center of Uranus Chase oh all right our solar system is enormous there are so many planets and moons that are a lot more hospitable for a 5sec mission than Uranus where should you go next how about a place covered in methane lakes and with a fantastic view of Saturn in the sky well that's a story for another what [Music] if
By Rowan Sharkawy5 months ago in Art
A World Without the Sun: The Apocalyptic Consequences Unveiled
what will happen if the sun suddenly disappears from the space the sun is 109 times bigger than Earth and 152 million km far from us have you ever imagined what will happen if there's no sun how long we will be alive without the Sun what will happen to the other planets how is life on Earth without the sun we are Imagine today we try to imagine life with no sun one Darkness all around as the Sun's light takes approximately 8 minutes and 20 seconds to reach Earth we wouldn't immediately notice its disappearance however once that time elapsed we would suddenly be surrounded by Darkness the absence of sunlight would cause the sky to go completely black like a moonless night everyone on Earth will be able to see stars in The Open Sky because the sunlight never lets us see the stars for every creature on earth it will be easier to see the space objects such as galaxies far away Stars Etc the space will be clearer than ever two temperature drop the sun is the primary source of heat for a planet without it temperatures would fall rapidly Earth's average surface temperature would decrease significantly within a matter of days areas closer to the Equator would experience the most drastic temperature drops while polar regions would already be extremely cold the water on Earth will start freezing in a couple of days as Earth will lose significant amount of heat all the marine species such as fish whales shrimp Etc will be dead the large Cruisers which will be on their journey in the middle of the sea will be stuck three loss of gravitational pull the sun's extensive gravitational force holds the planets in their orbits if the sun disappeared Earth would no longer experience this gravitational pull as a result Earth would continue moving in a straight line at a constant velocity in the direction it was moving at the moment the sun vanished this would cause earth to drift off into space away from its usual orbit the immediate absence of the sun would result in planets going crazy and eventually leaving their orbits the planets will move freely in space including Earth four destruction of the solar system The Disappearance of the sun would also impact the entire solar system the gravitational interactions between the Sun and other astronomical bodies help maintain the stability of and balance of our system with the sun's absence the gravitational relationships between planets moons and asteroids would be disrupted potentially leading to chaotic and unpredictable trajectories for these objects there will be no solar system anymore five loss of energy the sun's absence would mean a loss of solar energy which fuels various processes on Earth Solar Power Systems would become ineffective resulting in a loss of electricity plants which rely on sunlight for photosynthesis would be unable to produce food disrupting the entire food chain the world will slowly enter the dead stage six freezing conditions as time passes the drop in temperature would lead to freezing conditions across the planet oceans lakes and rivers would gradually freeze making it impossible for marine life to survive the Frozen conditions would extend to the land making it extremely challeng alling for any remaining life forms to sustain we may see everything stopped and there will be hard to see any movement on Earth without the sun seven terrestrial life Extinction with The Disappearance of the sun most plants would die due to the lack of sunlight and the subsequent loss of photosynthesis Hobs would soon face a scarcity of food resulting in their demise this would cause a domino effect ultimately leading to the extinction of most animal species including humans the Earth will no longer be inhabitable for plants the plants will slowly go black and eventually dead eight drastic climate changes the absence of the sun's gravitational force would disrupt the stable orbits of planets in our solar system potentially leading to chaotic changes in Earth's climate extreme weather events such as powerful storms and violent atmospheric disturbances could occur as a result we may see tsunamis and thunderstorms because the balance that is maintained by the sun will be no more long-term consequences over millions of years the absence of the sun would have even more profound effects Earth's temperature would continue to drop reaching a state of Perpetual freezing the lack of sunlight and heat would hinder geological processes such as plate tectonics which are driven by the Earth's internal heat the planet would become geologically stagnant with a frozen surface and inactive volcanoes life is different and horrible without the Sun but you don't have to worry the sun has about 5 billion years left to give life to us so enjoy this precious gift from the universe
By Rowan Sharkawy5 months ago in Earth
Why 1.5 billion people eat with chopsticks
Transcriber: TED Translators admin It is such a sort of instrumental part of our cooking vocabulary, in terms of the utensils. And it was like, that's interesting, there are people who live without chopsticks. [Small Thing.] [Big Idea.] Chopsticks are a pair of two long sticks used to eat things with one hand. Holding chopsticks is a little bit like holding a pencil, except that you have two of them and you move them together in a pincer movement. Most of them are made out of wood. They're also made out of plastic, bamboo, jade, gold, silver and even ivory, though I think that's not so cool anymore. Chopsticks are really well designed for eating small bits of food. They're good for picking up noodles. If you're skilled, you can eat rice, pick up dumplings, pieces of meat. There are some no-nos with chopsticks. You should not use the chopsticks like drumsticks, which I know is tempting. You don't want to stick chopsticks into a bowl of rice face-up. And the reason for that is it actually looks like a bowl of incense, so it sort of echoes death. Chopsticks are used in a huge portion of the world, across much of Asia, about 1.5 billion people are covered in the chopsticks sphere. Different cultures have slightly different variations of chopsticks. Chinese chopsticks will tend to be long and round, Korean chopsticks are flatter and often made of metal and Japanese chopsticks tend to be round and very, very pointy. While chopsticks are actually really commonplace in American society today, there was definitely a time in the late 1800s where this idea that Asian men, because they ate rice with sticks, were of a different quality than American men, who ate proper meat with a knife and fork. But when China and the United States began their diplomatic engagement in the 1970s, Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger, had to practice eating with chopsticks. What's been really interesting to see is that as Asian cuisine has moved from the East into the West, chopsticks have become part of the experience. There's evidence of chopsticks as long ago as the Shang dynasty, which is about 3000 years ago, and they loved tripods during the Shang dynasty. So when you cook with these big tripods, chopsticks were actually really useful, because it was a way for you to stir and to reach without getting burned as the water was boiling in these really big pots. Chinese culture has knives and has forks. It uses them in many cases for cooking. But in terms of like what moved into the dining room, it was the chopsticks. One of the things about Asian cooking is that it often comes in very small pieces. And I think part of that has to do with the fact that it's actually a lot more energy-efficient to cook little pieces quickly. But also, then you don't have to cut them. So you have a circular influence, where the type of food that is cooked allows people to use chopsticks, and then the fact that you have chopsticks influences the food that you can cook. But at the same time, chopsticks reflect the communal nature of eating food. You'll have these dishes that you put in the middle, it's very family style. You go in with your chopsticks, and you put it on your rice, and then you eat individually. There's actually a famous sort of legend where everyone has these really, really long chopsticks, like way too long for them to feed themselves. And so in hell, everyone starves, because they can't pick up food and put it in their mouths. But in heaven, people take the same chopsticks and then feed each other.
By Rowan Sharkawy5 months ago in Lifehack
The Ocean is Way Deeper Than You Think
In fact, the ocean is very deep, much deeper than we know. If you were to take all the land on top of all the countries and islands in the world, and fill the depths of the ocean with that land, the entire world would be covered with 2 miles of ocean. But three-quarters of our planet is covered in water, and it's more than two miles deep. Let's start with a definition of scale. This sign is about the size of an average person. This small dot is about the same size as a large one. These are the dimensions of the largest ship ever built, HMS Knock Nevis. With that in mind, let's start diving underwater and see what we can find. The first point is 40 meters below the surface, which is the maximum depth for scuba diving. A little further down, at a depth of 93 meters, the wreck of the Lusitania can be seen, which is interesting because the Lusitania itself was 240 meters long, meaning it sank in deeper water than its shallow length. So, if the boat stops at the stern or the bow, it is stuck out of the water. At over 100 meters deep, diving can be fatal if you are not careful due to hypothermia. But that didn't stop a man named Herbert Nitsch from setting a free diving world record at a depth of 214 meters. This man swam this height in one breath. But a little further down, at a depth of 332 meters, we have the diving world record held by another man named Ahmed Gabr. If he swims another 111 meters, he will reach the height of the Empire State Building if submerged in water. A little further, 500 meters below sea level, is the depth of the blue whale's dive. At a height of 535 meters, we can see how deep the emperor penguins dive. This is why the hydraulic capacity must be increased. High below the surface, the water pressure on a person or penguin is the same as that of a polar bear standing a quarter of the height. Thus, the height of the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the tallest building in the world, is 830 meters below. Once we reach 1000 meters below the surface, we begin to enter the horror zone. Light from the surface could not reach beyond this point, so the entire sea below was shrouded in darkness. Also, the water pressure you're facing right now is the same as if you were standing on the surface of Venus, which means you'll die quickly. If you haven't died of water pressure, you'll also encounter a giant squid in this level. At a depth of 1,280 meters we reached the deepest dive for leatherback turtles. Further down, if we were underwater, we would reach the deepest point of the Grand Canyon at a height of 1,828 meters. At a depth of 2,000 meters, we begin to encounter some of the most terrifying animals of the sea, such as the terrifying Black Dragon, a carnivorous animal whose stomach does not allow the light to enter. Of course, since we're still in the dark underwater, the only way you can see this thing is with a flashlight. A little further down, at a depth of 2,250 meters, we reach the maximum depth that sperm whales can dive.A giant octopus is also very scary. Humpback whales often have puncture marks and scars on their bodies, possibly from battles with giant squid at great depths. The octopus itself can grow up to 14 meters long and weigh up to 750 kilograms, with eyes the size of a dinner plate and a sharp sickle in the middle of its pants. So, good luck to you. Below, at a depth of 3,800 meters, we can see the wreck of the Titanic. After 4000 meters we started entering the deep sea area. The water pressure here can reach 11,000 pounds per square inch. These depths are home to many strange, almost alien creatures, such as finfish, anglerfish, and viperfish. The ocean is about 4,267 meters deep when you reach the sea floor. But some parts of the ocean are much deeper than that. The wreck of the battleship Bismarck, sunk in World War II, is 4,791 meters high. The Hadal Zone begins at a depth of 6,000 meters and is named after Hades, the underworld. The water pressure at this depth can be 1,100 times greater than you think when you return to the surface, which is like a giant elephant weighing a postage stamp, or a person carrying the weight of jumbo jets 50 Boeing 747. deep, without external protection, you can destroy them quickly. But life still exists here in different ways. At 6,500 meters we reached the depths of the DSV Alvin, the famous research vessel that helped discover the Titanic. Further down, 8,848 meters below the surface, we have reached the height of Mount Everest, if we turned it upside down and placed it underwater. One step further and we reach the depth of 10,898 meters reached by James Cameron during the Deepsea Challenger mission 2012. The deepest part of the ocean that has not been reached by humans 1960, when two men Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard used a [? Trieste? ] submarine. It took five hours to cross the ocean to reach that depth. It only took about 20 minutes before the window broke and it started to go back up. A little lower, at 10,972 meters above sea level, it reaches the average height of a commercial airliner. So, if you've ever looked out the window and looked down at the ground while flying, you'll know exactly how deep the abyss is that we're facing right now. Finally, at 10,994 meters, we have reached the sea floor known as the Challenger Deep, located on this map 300 kilometers southwest of Guam. However, it is believed that there are almost always parts of the ocean deeper than this that have yet to be discovered. Serena Deep, which is 10,732 meters deep, was only discovered in 1997, making it the second deepest known point in the ocean. It is estimated that only 5% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped and the remaining 95% is a mystery. It may take some time to discover the deep parts of the ocean.
By Rowan Sharkawy5 months ago in 01
How the water you flush becomes the water you drink
In 2003, the National Water Authority of Singapore launched an unprecedented project. They plan to use the two new facilities to provide more than 50% of the country's water supply through wastewater recycling. Yes, we mean wastewater. Although this may seem like a foolish decision, the project has been in the works for ten years to ensure that the island does not run out of fresh water. Today, as the frequency and duration of droughts increase around the world, more and more regions are affected by this problem. But is it worth reusing the things you flush down the toilet? To answer this question, we need to know exactly what is in this alcoholic drink. There are many types of wastewater, but the three main types are: gray water, used for sinks, showers, and laundry; yellow fluid, containing only urine; and black water, affected by the tide. Globally, we produce enough wastewater every day to fill 400,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools. In cities and towns that have sewer systems, this wastewater flows into underground pipes that are not filled with sewage.
By Rowan Sharkawy5 months ago in Education
Confused about recycling?
If you've ever looked at the bottom of a delivery bottle or cup, you've probably seen this symbol. Seeing this, many people think that they should throw the items they have in the recycling bin. However, many of these plastics cannot be recycled in most processing centers. In fact, only 9% of the 360 million tons of plastic produced annually is recycled. So why is recycled plastic so cheap? What do these codes mean? Our recycling problem has many layers, starting with construction. About 18% of plastic is made from thermosetting polymers. These plastics are made permanent by curing, a process that hardens the material by continuously linking its molecular chains. What makes thermosets so useful is that they retain shape and integrity under extreme conditions, meaning they cannot be broken down and remade by most recycling plants. Fortunately, most plastics are thermoplastic and can be melted and reshaped. But this category includes a variety of materials with unique chemical compositions, weights and properties, and different recycling methods. Therefore, most recycling centers only accept a portion of these definitions. This brings us to the next problem: ambiguous coding systems. This code was developed and launched by the plastics industry in 1988 to help consumers and facilities manage waste. Each number represents a plastic composition, called resin. Some resins are recyclable at most centers, while others are not. However, in this system, all numbers are surrounded by a universally recognized recycling symbol, so consumers are misled into thinking that many non-recyclable plastics have opportunities to be reused. Just because a recycled technical resin ends up in the trash doesn't mean it's going to keep going. Plastics contain various types of resins, mixed with dyes and additives, have additives and labels that are difficult to remove, all of which lead to plastic being thrown into incinerators or landfills. Simply put, many companies do not design their packaging with recycling in mind. Even in its pure form, it can only be melted down and remade a few times because the polymer degrades with each use. If all these problems make you think that plastic is impossible, you are not the first person. This fact has been known to the plastics industry since the 1970s. The industry poured millions of dollars into advertising despite doubting that recycling could be economically viable. In the United States, the plastics industry has quietly lobbied state governments, so many states have passed laws requiring plastics to carry plastic labels. As a result, the burden of "solving" the growing plastic waste problem has shifted from industry to consumers. Nowadays, the situation is getting worse. Due to the rising costs of proper waste disposal, and fewer buyers of used recyclables worldwide, many cities have been forced to ban recycling programs altogether. side. So how do we fix the ever-increasing plastic waste system? What is clear is that plastic consumption should be reduced. More than a quarter of our plastic waste comes from packaging. Many manufacturers have taken the right steps by eliminating unnecessary plastic films and replacing plastic buckets and cartons with items that are more easily recycled or composted. For plastic waste, one solution is to advocate for a circular economy for plastic. This means reducing the production of new plastic, eliminating single-use plastic, and ensuring that the remaining plastic can still be recycled through recycling. This system relies on policies that regulate plastics from the start of production, ensuring that all plastics produced are free of contaminants that compromise their ability to be recycled. At the same time, many experts believe that the current adhesive coding system should be scrapped and replaced with clear and simple labels for both recyclable and non-recyclable items. This will help consumers to organize their waste, but more importantly, it will allow them to make decisions when buying, ultimately forcing manufacturers to prepare when can be recycled.
By Rowan Sharkawy5 months ago in Education
why do we dream?
In the third millennium BC, the kings of Mesopotamia wrote and interpreted their dreams on wax tablets. Thousands of years later, the ancient Egyptians wrote a dream book that listed over a hundred common dreams and their meanings. Over the years, we have explored what dreams are all about. So, after scientific research, technological advances, and patience, the answer is still not clear, but we do have some interesting theories. We dream to fulfill our desires. At the beginning of the 20th century, Sigmund Freud suggested that although all our dreams, including dreams, are a collection of images from our everyday conscious life, they are also symbols, related to the fulfillment of our criminal desires. Freud said that everything we remember when we wake up from a dream is a representation of past thoughts, drives, and desires that we were not aware of. Freud believed that by analyzing these parts of memory, unconscious information can be revealed to our conscious mind, and that psychological problems caused by abuse can be resolved and addressed.
By Rowan Sharkawy5 months ago in Lifehack
What would happen if everyone stopped eating meat tomorrow?
Let's explore the hypothesis together. The number of animals is more than four times the human population. Animals alone weigh about ten times the weight of all other wild mammals. Imagine if a nutritionist suddenly appeared with a wave of his stick and wiped all the meat off our plates—and wanted to eat it. Farm animals disappear for food--they are taken to other planets. What will happen in days, years, even thousands of years? Overnight, food-related greenhouse gas emissions decrease by 63%. We are no longer getting protein and essential nutrients from the 70 billion chickens, 1.5 billion pigs, 300 million cows and 200 million tonnes of fish and shellfish that are produced for consumption each year. To fill these nutritional gaps, we increase our appetite for fruits, vegetables, and nuts—foods that most nutritionists agree contain all the nutrients we need for a healthy life. . However, at first there was no food. Growth in demand drives up production costs. In places like Mongolia, the environment is harsh, it's hard to grow vegetables, and when there's a sudden lack of meat, people can't eat it. The meat-based culture has lost its footing. For example, members of the salmon-eating tribes in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States not only lost food and livelihoods, but also a large part of their their religion. Tens of millions of fishermen have lost their jobs and are fearing a decline in fish stocks. With the collapse of the food industry, many families in developing countries must compete for the income generated from livestock production. Some beef producers have converted to farming, thereby reducing the risk of workers and local communities to respiratory diseases associated with animal husbandry. As agriculture increased, prices fell. Finally, vegetarian food is cheaper than meat in most countries. Fortunately, we don't need to open up new farmland to grow all this food. If no animals are raised for food, land can be used to grow food. All things considered, our new diet requires less land and less water. Millions of deaths can be avoided each year, in part due to lower rates of heart disease, cancer and other diseases linked to eating red meat. We no longer have new pathogens from wild animals hunted for food, new flu infections from farmed pigs, or drug-producing bugs from beef cattle previously treated with antibiotics. . Over time, biodiversity will continue to increase due to habitat loss, pesticide use, and other agricultural pressures. Amazon birds have more forest to fly into. Fewer cheetahs are shot because the prey is too close. As natural habitats develop, colonies of bees, wasps and insects flourish. On the other hand, plants that have been planted by insects will be more productive. Many marine species thrive on fishing. Throughout history, people in vegetarian areas have developed genetic variations to help them process fats in plants. So, over thousands of years, our bodies may have evolved to benefit from vegetables. Some adaptations may be lost, such as the ability to absorb iron from meat. Of course, magic won't destroy our world without food. Although many people choose to eat vegetarian, the number of people who eat meat continues to increase throughout the world. This situation is a problem for our climate. Even if we suddenly stop using fossil fuels, a business-as-usual food system and population growth will push global temperatures above 1.5°C by the end of the century . Cows are the main culprits. Beef and dairy produce more than 60%, but provide 18% of the world's calories. Generally, foods that are high in protein, such as chicken, produce fewer greenhouse gases than dairy-free vegetarian foods. Cutting back on meat, cheese, and dairy consumption can see many of the benefits of a diet-free world—no miracles required.
By Rowan Sharkawy5 months ago in Lifehack
