Astrid Jia
Bio
I am a gentle and intellectual Chinese girl. I hope the stories I bring can move you.
Stories (6/0)
What are the negative emission technologies, and what are the technical routes of all kinds of technologies?
Today, the problem is no longer imminent. Carbon dioxide levels are now 419 ppm - 42 per cent higher than in the era of Arenius - and close to the 430 ppm level considered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to be the key threshold - beyond which the world would warm by more than 1.5°C, widely seen as the difference between problematic and large-scale catastrophe. (Arrhenius' 5°C would be terrifying.) What is needed is "negative emissions" - removing some of the carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere. Bill Collins, director of the Division of Climate and Ecosystems at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in Berkeley, California, and lead author of the latest IPCC assessment, says: "Climate change is happening. Speaking at the American Geophysical Union meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, in December, Collins said it was not enough to think in terms of emissions reductions. What is needed is "negative emissions" - removing some of the carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere. If that sounds fanciful, think again. Collins says his lab has launched a number of projects looking at quick, efficient ways to do just that. Such operations on a large scale will be a major challenge, he said, "but fortunately some of the more promising technologies have been studied in depth". One way is to improve what nature has been doing for millions of years: using soil to store carbon extracted from the atmosphere by growing plants. One way is to improve what nature has been doing for millions of years: Using soil to store carbon extracted from the atmosphere by growing plants. An easy way to enhance this process would be to apply composting on a large scale, says Whendee Silver, a biogeochemist and ecosystem ecologist at the University of California, Berkeley. Field tests have found that this can sequester carbon equivalent of five to seven tonnes of CO2 per hectare per year, she said. While that's a drop from the 10 to 20 gigatons she says climate scientists think need to be removed from the atmosphere each year, there's a lot of arable land and pasture to work with. Globally, she says, compost has the potential to chelate 2,000 megatons of carbon dioxide each year -- about 10 to 20 percent of total demand. It is also a victory for agriculture. "It increases plant growth and water retention, and reduces erosion," Silver said. "It's not going to take a lot to convince ranchers and farmers to do that." Another "soil correction" that could have an even more dramatic impact is biochar. Biochar is partially burned organic material that has been converted to a form of carbon known as black carbon. It's a bit like charcoal, although it can also be made from many materials including manure. It is highly resistant to decay (meaning the carbon in it will stay in the soil for a long time) and is used to enrich agricultural soils for a long time. For example, indigenous people in the Amazon Basin have used it for thousands of years to transform the region's normal, sterile red soil into the highly prized drylands that still exist today. "It increases plant growth and water retention and reduces erosion...... It's not going to take a lot of work to convince ranchers and farmers to do that." Until recently, the value of biochar in the quest for carbon negative values was not fully recognized. Overall, it has twice the potential to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as compost, Silver said. It's not the only way to use it. "There are people looking at ways to put it into concrete and net-negative building materials," said Blake Simmons, director of Biosystems and engineering at LBNL. "So there's a lot of opportunity for this material." Another soil-enhancing technique is lithotripsy (see "Cleaning the Greenhouse" in Cosmos Weekly #5). "Up to 2 billion tons of CO2 could be sequestered each year." Better yet, it could also boost agricultural productivity. "[It] contributes to soil health, just like lime." But soil modification won't get us all the way to where we need to be, as scientists hope, even if it takes place around the world. Eventually, it will also have to start removing CO2 directly from the air, either at point sources such as power plants, cement plants and steel plants, or more dispersed from ambient air wherever convenient. The carbon dioxide can then be moved to where it can be disposed of more permanently through the type of pipeline used for natural gas. Soil improvement won't get us all the way to where we need to be, as scientists hope, even though hydrogeologist Jens Birkholzer, who conducts LBNL around the world, says the work is already underway, but on a scale that captures about 40 megatons of carbon dioxide a year. By 2050, he says, we will need to increase that nearly 150-fold to 560 million tons a year. It's a two-step process. The first step is to extract carbon dioxide from the air. Right now, that's very expensive -- about $600 per ton, according to Matthew Dods, a graduate student atthe University of California, Berkeley. "But there is reason to believe we can get close to $100," he said. The second step, Birkholzer says, is to inject carbon dioxide "in an almost liquid-like pressurized form" deep underground -- perhaps thousands of meters below -- in geologic formations that can capture it and prevent it from returning to the atmosphere. Birkholzer says there are currently 26 facilities around the world that do this. "Each operates safely and no carbon dioxide escapes its designated storage space," he added. To add the 150 required coefficients, we might need to create thousands of such facilities, grouped into areas where geology offers the best chance for long-term CO2 storage. "We call these carbon storage hubs hubs," Birkholzer said. "Scientists like me and others are in overdrive clearing roadblocks."
By Astrid Jiaabout a year ago in Education
The best way to deal with a child's tantrum is not roar roar at all.
Here's a scene from Super Parenting: One day, an eight-year-old boy named Chenchen was sitting in front of the computer playing games when his mother reminded him that it was time to do his homework.
By Astrid Jiaabout a year ago in Families
Dogs and cats can be infected with COVID-19 but the symptoms are mild and can heal themselves in the short term.
1. Animals can be infected with coronaviruses, but not COVID-19. Coronavirus is an ancient strain with four genera, coronavirus Alpha and coronavirus beta. All kinds of animals are infected with different coronaviruses, such as canine coronitis, cat infectious peritonitis, pig infectious gastroenteritis, mouse hepatitis virus infection, bovine coronaviruses infection and poultry infectious bronchitis. However, there is no cross-reaction between different types of viruses, and it is not easy to spread across species.
By Astrid Jiaabout a year ago in Petlife
Tangshan woman aborts fetus in May to get Revenge on Boyfriend? Watching the whole thing sent shivers down my spine...
In Tangshan, Hebei Province, a 20-year-old girl and her boyfriend started talking about getting married when they found out they were pregnant after dating for a while.
By Astrid Jiaabout a year ago in Marriage
What kind of love is love?
Love is a strong attachment, affinity, yearning, selfless and all-consuming emotion between individuals (mostly people). It is usually the contrast between love and desire. Love is composed of two parts: love is the soul of love, and sex is the additional attribute of love, which is not necessary. Love is the root and core of love. The Chinese classic "Zhou Li · Di Fu Tu No.2 · Media" :" Men marry at 30, women at 20. If he does not give orders without reason, he shall be punished." In the Zhou Dynasty, men were supposed to marry at the age of 30 and women at 20. If this rule is not observed for no reason, it will be punished. The "Rites of Zhou" involved very rich content, as big as the world Kyushu, astronomical calendar; Small to canal roads, plants, insects and fish. All the state establishment, political and legal culture and education, rites, music, soldiers, punishment, taxation, food and clothing, temple, chariot and horse, agriculture, business and medical Bu, craft production, all kinds of famous objects, regulations, systems, everything. It is a treasure house of Chinese culture. Historical books such as The Book of Rites -- the Inner Rules, The Twelve Years of Guliang -- The Duke of Wen, The Biography of the Male Sheep, and later The Biography of Shang Shu also hold this view, which is believed to be the marriageability age for men and women stipulated by the rites of the Zhou Dynasty. Scholars of the Han Dynasty praised this view the most. In the Chinese culture, love is to hold the other person's heart, which is characterized by intimacy, lust, commitment, attachment, emotion, confidence in the permanence of the relationship, and the ability to share private life with the other person. On the emotional basis of love, in addition to the cross-cultural differences of love, the concept of love has changed greatly over time (and developed different characteristics in different national cultures). Love is an integral part of human nature. It refers to the feelings between lovers in a narrow sense, but also includes the love between friends and the love between relatives in a broad sense (the feeling of love). "Wake up the world constant words, Du Zichun three into Chang 'an" :" the old man fell and sighed :' people have seven feelings, but anger, fear, love and evil desires. I see your six feelings are done, only love is not in addition. '" Xia Yan, Guan Hanqing Immortal ":" He is a person who has love for the real life and the people." The Australian spiritual teacher Barry Lang once encouraged the practice of transforming the practical energy of lovemaking into the knowledge of love :" You don't need an ascetic body, you need an ascetic mind." Long encourages lovemaking as the practice of converting sexual energy into the knowledge of love: "You don't need a celibate body, you need a celibate mind.") If the passion of sex also involves the object of love, then this feeling is called paraphilia. If sexual passion is also involved, then this feeling is called paraphilia. If sexual passion is also involved, then this feeling is called paraphilia. Something to grow up on. Understand to tolerate each other's imperfections, it is not easy to understand each other. Give and support each other. Grow up together with company progress together. Bear life bit by bit, sweet and bitter, do not dislike each other's imperfections accept each other's shortcomings tolerance each other. Love is a very subtle thing, beauty is in the eye of the beholder, sincere treatment of each other without doubt and suspicion. Encourage each other, this is love... I envy together to accompany to the old lover, you hold me I hold you, you non I non after this short life I think this is love....
By Astrid Jiaabout a year ago in Confessions