Revolutionary Data Speeds

As IT updates go, this was about as nerve-wracking as things can get. In February, deep inside a warehouse at CERN, the Swiss home of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) – the world’s biggest science experiment – two network engineers held their breath. And pressed a button.

Suddenly, text on a black background flashed up on a screen in front of them. It had worked. “There was high-fiving involved,” recalls Joachim Opdenakker at SURF, a Dutch IT association that works for educational and research institutions.

“It was super-cool to see.” He and his colleague Edwin Verheul had just set up a new data link between the LHC in Switzerland and data storage sites in The Netherlands.

Achieving Record-Breaking Data Speeds

This data link could reach speeds of 800 gigabits per second (Gbps) – more than 11,000 times the average UK home broadband speed. The idea is to improve scientists’ access to the results of LHC experiments. A subsequent test in March using special equipment on loan from Nokia proved the desired speeds were achievable.

“This transponder that Nokia uses, it’s like a celebrity,” says Mr Verheul, explaining how the kit is booked up for use at various locations in advance.

“We had limited time to do tests. If you have to postpone a week, then the transponder is gone.” This bandwidth, approaching one terabit per second, is extremely fast, but some subsea cables are a few hundred times faster still – they use multiple fibre strands to achieve such speeds.

In labs around the world, networking experts are developing fibre optic systems capable of pushing data around even more rapidly than this. They are reaching extraordinary speeds of many petabits per second (Pbps), or 300 million times the average UK home broadband connection. This is so fast that one can barely imagine how people will use such bandwidth in the future. But engineers are wasting no time in proving that it is possible. And they only want to go faster.

The duplex cable (with cores that either send or receive) from CERN to data centres in The Netherlands is just shy of 1,650km (1,025 miles) long, snaking from Geneva to Paris, then Brussels, and finally Amsterdam. Part of the challenge in reaching 800 Gbps was in beaming pulses of light such a long way. “Due to the distance, the power levels of that light decrease, so you have to amplify it at different locations,” explains Mr Opdenakker.

Every time one tiny subatomic particle smashes into another during experiments at the LHC, the impact generates staggering volumes of data – about one petabyte per second. That’s enough to fill 220,000 DVDs. This is slimmed down for storage and study, but still requires hefty amounts of bandwidth. Plus, with an upgrade due by 2029, the LHC expects to produce even more scientific data than it does today.

“The upgrade increases the number of collisions by at least a factor of five,” says James Watt, senior vice president and general manager of optical networks at Nokia.

Pushing the Limits of Data Transmission

A time when 800 Gbps seems slow may not be far away. In November, a team of researchers in Japan broke the world speed record for data transmission when they reached an astonishing 22.9 Pbps. That’s enough bandwidth to supply every single person on the planet, and then a couple billion more, with a Netflix stream, says Chigo Okonkwo at Eindhoven University of Technology, who was involved in the work.

In this case, a meaningless but huge stream of pseudorandom data was beamed over 13km of coiled fibre optic cable in a lab setting. Dr. Okonkwo explains that the integrity of the data is analyzed post-transfer to confirm it was sent as quickly as reported without accumulating too many errors.

He also adds that the system he and colleagues used relied on multiple cores – a total of 19 cores inside one fibre cable. This is a new type of cable unlike the standard ones that connect many people’s homes to the internet.

As engineers continue to push the limits of data transmission, the future promises even faster and more reliable connectivity, revolutionizing how we access and utilize information.