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12th Class Pak Studies Notes 2023 All Chapters Overview
12th Class Pak Studies Notes 2023 All Punjab Board. The 12th grade pure study notes all the chapters. Therefore, Pakistan Studies is an important article in which we study everything about Pakistan and its policies. This is a simple subject and most students succeed in it. But they do not get high marks in the exam because they think it is a very easy subject. So you should give proper time to this subject also. Because the second year pure study is easy and guarantees good marks in the final exam.12th Class | 2nd Year Pak Studies Notes 2023 All Punjab Board.
By Abdul Aziz4 years ago in Education
what is lungs?
lungs are two in number having length of 25 to 35 cm and width of 10 to 15 cm and having the weight of 0.8 to 1.2 kg and are the organs where the gaseous exchange takes place. Protection Lungs is usually protected by a double membranous structure called pleura. The outer layer of pleura is attached to thoracic cavity while the inner is attached to lungs. In between these membrane fluid is present called interpleural fluid which is secreted by the inner layer of pleura. These membrane along with fluid protect and nourish the lungs. Ribs also provide protection to it. Location Apex of lungs is extended beyond first rib up to clavicle having its lower end on diaphragm and is located in the thoracic cavity. Blood supply Lungs recieves upto 9 percent of the stroke volume or 450ml per min. Asymmetric volume Lungs have asymmetric volume the right being 56 while 44 to 46 percent is of the left one. Right lung is quite smaller and has larger diameter while the left being narrow and longer. Lung volume during breathing Lungs have a total volume or capacity of about 5.5 litres in which 0.5 litres volume is exchange during normal breathing while upto 3.5 litres of lung volume is exhaled or inhaled during forceful breathing. About 1.5 litre of lung volume is always retained known as residual volume. Control of lung volume Lung volume during inhalation or exhalation is controlled by intercoastal muscle through intercoastal nerves and muscle of diaphragm through phrenic nerves. lobes of lungs... the right lung has three lobes called superior lobe inferior lobe and middle lobe while the left lung has only two lobes called superior lobe and inferior lobe. bronchi and bronchioles... the bronchi leading to right lung is short and wide as compare to left lung bronchi which is long and thin. bronchi divide to form primary bronchi. primary bronchi approaching to right lung 3 while towards the left lung are 2.bronchi divides and re divides to form small diameter structure called bronchioles which control the distribution of air in to the lungs. they are about 1 mm in diameter. alveoli...bronchioles leading to sacs like structure inside the lungs called alveoli which are spongy in nature. alveoli are about 0.1 micrometer in diameter and are made of squamous epithelium cells. alveoli are also called respiratory surfaces because they are the site where The actual gaseous exchange between the body and the external environment takes place. alveoli also contain immune substances called surfactants which reduce surface tension inside the alveoli to make it flexible and also provide protection against foreign harmful particles. artery and vein...the artery that takes the blood to the lung is called pulmonary artery having de oxygenated blood which surrounds the alveoli where gaseous exchange takes place and the blood become oxygenated. The oxygenated blood is then carry away from the lungs by the pulmonary vein.. some common related diseases... emphysema.. the type of lung disease in which the walls of bronchi and bronchioles become constricted and thin and alveoli swollen or burst is called emphysema. Usually smoking and air pollution are its causes. pneumonia.. pneumonia is the lung disease in which air sacs or alveoli are filled with fluid like substances.. they are usually caused by bacteria and virus line streptococcus pneumonia. lung cancer.. it is one of the most common type of cancer in the world. it main cause is constant smoking other factors while air pollution or exposure to toxin can also cause it. These are some general information about hope it enhances your knowledge.
By Afnan khan4 years ago in Education
Furnace Noises And What They Mean
If you hear strange noises from your furnace, it could be a sign that something is wrong and must be fixed. Furnace problems can range from minor issues like clogged filters or improper thermostat settings to severe cases like faulty fan motors or broken heat exchangers.
By Logan Smith4 years ago in Education
What can we take away from the greatest accounting training course in terms of success?
Why do you destroy your professional possibilities if you want to succeed in life? Accounting, finance, banking, and taxation are obvious examples of evergreen industries. The ideal accounting training school is more than just a path to employment, even if you are looking for a future without accounting. (If the class is the appropriate class) How do we say this, you ask? Look at the pay for people in the financial, banking, and tax fields, or for any accountants for that matter.
By danny simpson4 years ago in Education
Canada Student Visa: Requirements and Tips for a Bright Future
Canada is a popular destination for international students who want to pursue their higher education. The Canada student visa is the most popular way young aspirants make their way to the country. Canada is known for its high-quality education system, diverse culture and population, and friendly environment, making it an attractive option for students worldwide, especially those from South Asian and Middle Eastern nations.
By MJ Global Resettlement Solutions4 years ago in Education
The Ultimate Guide to Earn $1000 Daily Online
In today's digital age, earning money online has become more accessible and convenient than ever before. With the increasing popularity of remote work, online businesses, and e-commerce, there are endless opportunities to make a living from the comfort of your own home. And, the best part is, you can earn a significant amount of money daily, up to $1000 or more.
By Muhammad Sarib Ali4 years ago in Education
How to Choose 11 Plus Tutors for children? - Fine Tutors
Many families choose 11+ Independent schools or 11+ Grammar schools for their children's education. The best eleven-plus online tuition exams, also known as "grammar school entrance exams," have the potential to have a significant impact on both you and your child. For your child, success in these exams could mean the difference between attending a Grammar School and a Comprehensive School; for you, it could mean the difference between paying expensive Independent School fees and receiving a free secondary education. Given this, it is obvious that it is never too early to begin preparing.
By Muhammad Waqas 4 years ago in Education
What Did NASA Discover under Titan’s Thick Atmosphere?
we're determined to discover traces of Life on remote exoplanets so we cast our gaze far beyond the boundaries of the solar system and into the great abyss of space but actually just several hundred years ago a unique world was detected comparatively close to us there are clouds in its atmosphere it rains there and on its surface great rivers flow into lakes and seas still the conditions on this fascinating
By Satyam Bhardwaj4 years ago in Education
