JUPITER

Jupiter, the most massive planet of the solar system and the fifth in distance from the Sun. It is one of the brightest objects in the night sky; only the Moon, Venus, and sometimes Mars are more brilliant. Jupiter is designated by the symbol ♃.

When ancient astronomers named the planet Jupiter for the Roman ruler of the gods and heavens (also known as Jove), they had no idea of the planet’s true dimensions, but the name is appropriate, for Jupiter is larger than all the other planets combined. It takes nearly 12 Earth years to orbit the Sun, and it rotates once about every 10 hours, more than twice as fast as Earth; its colourful cloud bands can be seen with even a small telescope. It has a narrow system of rings and 92 known moons, one larger than the planet Mercury and three larger than Earth’s Moon. Some astronomers speculate that Jupiter’s moon Europa may be hiding an ocean of warm water—and possibly even some kind of life—beneath an icy crust.

Jupiter has an internal heat source; it emits more energy than it receives from the Sun. The pressure in its deep interior is so high that the hydrogen there exists in a fluid metallic state. This giant has the strongest magnetic field of any planet, with a magnetosphere so large that, if it could be seen from Earth, its apparent diameter would exceed that of the Moon. Jupiter’s system is also the source of intense bursts of radio noise, at some frequencies occasionally radiating more energy than the Sun. Despite all its superlatives, however, Jupiter is made almost entirely of only two elements, hydrogen and helium, and its mean density is not much more than the density of water.

Knowledge about the Jovian system grew dramatically after the mid-1970s as a result of explorations by three spacecraft missions—Pioneers 10 and 11 in 1973–74, Voyager 1 and 2 in 1979, and the Galileo orbiter and probe, which arrived at Jupiter in December 1995. The Pioneer spacecraft served as scouts for the Voyagers, showing that the radiation environment of Jupiter was tolerable and mapping out the main characteristics of the planet and its environment. The greater number and increased sophistication of the Voyager instruments provided so much new information that it was still being analyzed when the Galileo mission began. The previous missions had all been flybys, but Galileo released a probe into Jupiter’s atmosphere and then went into orbit about the planet for intensive investigations of the entire system until September 2003. In July 2016, the Juno orbiter arrived at Jupiter for a mission expected to last two years. Other looks at the Jovian system were provided in late 2000 and early 2001 by the flyby of the Cassini spacecraft on its way to Saturn and in 2007 by the flyby of the New Horizons spacecraft on its way to Pluto. Observations of the impacts of the fragmented nucleus of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter’s atmosphere in 1994 also yielded information about its composition and structure.

Planetary data for Jupiter

*Time required for the planet to return to the same position in the sky relative to the Sun as seen from Earth.

**Calculated for the altitude at which 1 bar of atmospheric pressure is exerted.

mean distance from Sun= 778,340,821 km (5.2 AU)

eccentricity of orbit= 0.048

inclination of orbit to ecliptic= 1.3°

Jovian year (sidereal period of revolution)= 11.86 Earth years

visual magnitude at mean opposition= −2.70

mean synodic period*= 398.88 Earth days

mean orbital velocity= 13.1 km/sec

equatorial radius**= 71,492 km

polar radius**= 66,854 km

mass= 18.98 × 1026 kg

mean density= 1.33 g/cm3

gravity**= 2,479 cm/sec2

escape velocity= 60.2 km/sec

rotation periods

System I (±10° from equator)= 9 hr 50 min 30 sec

System II (higher latitudes)= 9 hr 55 min 41 sec

System III (magnetic field)= 9 hr 55 min 29 sec

inclination of equator to orbit= 3.1°

dimensions of Great Red Spot= 20,000 × 12,000 km

magnetic field strength at equator = 4.3 gauss

number of known moons= 66

planetary ring system= 1 main ring; 3 less-dense components