Intelligence

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The text discusses various perspectives and theories on intelligence. It begins by outlining the debate surrounding the conceptualization and measurement of intelligence, including the number of intelligence types, the role of nature versus nurture, brain representation of intelligence, and group differences in intelligence.

The concept of general intelligence (g) is introduced, suggesting that there is a common underlying factor that influences various cognitive abilities measured by intelligence tests.

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test is mentioned as an example of a measure of general intelligence.

The text also acknowledges the existence of specific intelligence (s), which refers to skills in narrow domains.

Different types of intelligence, such as fluid intelligence (the capacity to learn new ways of problem-solving) and crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge), are discussed. The distinction between g and s is supported by empirical evidence, including the clustering of similar items on intelligence tests.

The idea of multiple intelligences is presented, with psychologists like L. L. Thurstone, Robert Sternberg, and Howard Gardner proposing different models.

Thurstone suggested seven primary mental abilities, while Sternberg proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence consisting of analytical, creative, and practical intelligence. Sternberg argued that traditional intelligence tests primarily measure analytical intelligence, neglecting creativity and practicality. Research indicates that creativity is not highly correlated with analytical intelligence but does involve some cognitive abilities measured by g.

Gardner proposed eight specific intelligences that differentiate individuals based on their talents and skills in various domains.

The text also touches on factors contributing to creativity, including expertise, imaginative thinking, risk-taking, intrinsic interest, and working in a creative environment. Lastly, practical intelligence is mentioned as a form of street smarts or common sense acquired through life experiences, although its distinction from general intelligence and predictive power remains debated.

In summary, the text explores the different perspectives on intelligence, ranging from the existence of general intelligence to specific intelligences and theories that emphasize creativity and practicality.

Questions and Answers

1. Who developed the first intelligence test?

a) Alfred Binet and Henri Simon

b) Charles Spearman and Lewis Terman

c) L. L. Thurstone and Robert Sternberg

d) Howard Gardner and Lewis Terman

Correct answer: a) Alfred Binet and Henri Simon

2. What was the goal of developing the first intelligence test?

a) To differentiate better and slower learners

b) To measure specific skills in narrow domains

c) To assess creativity and practical intelligence

d) To understand the role of nature versus nurture in intelligence

Correct answer: a) To differentiate better and slower learners

3. What did Binet and Simon believe the questions on the intelligence test assessed?

a) Specific abilities and skills

b) Creativity and practicality

c) Basic abilities to understand, reason, and make judgments

d) Accumulated knowledge acquired throughout life

Correct answer: c) Basic abilities to understand, reason, and make judgments

4. Which psychologist proposed the concept of general intelligence factor (g)?

a) Alfred Binet

b) Charles Spearman

c) Lewis Terman

d) L. L. Thurstone

Correct answer: b) Charles Spearman

5. What does general intelligence factor (g) relate to?

a) Analytical intelligence

b) Creative intelligence

c) Practical intelligence

d) Abstract thinking and adaptive abilities

Correct answer: d) Abstract thinking and adaptive abilities

6. Which test became known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test?

a) Binet-Simon Intelligence Test

b) Terman Intelligence Test

c) Thurstone Intelligence Test

d) Gardner Intelligence Test

Correct answer: b) Terman Intelligence Test

7. What does specific intelligence (s) refer to?

a) Generalized intelligence factor (g)

b) Accumulated knowledge throughout life

c) Fluid intelligence

d) Specific skills in narrow domains

Correct answer: d) Specific skills in narrow domains

8. What is the distinction between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?

a) Fluid intelligence increases with age, while crystallized intelligence decreases.

b) Fluid intelligence decreases with age, while crystallized intelligence increases.

c) Both fluid and crystallized intelligence increase with age.

d) Both fluid and crystallized intelligence decrease with age.

Correct answer: a) Fluid intelligence increases with age, while crystallized intelligence decreases.

9. How many clusters of primary mental abilities did L. L. Thurstone propose?

a) 5

b) 7

c) 8

d) 10

Correct answer: b) 7

10. According to Robert Sternberg, what are the three parts of intelligence?

a) Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence

b) Fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, and practical intelligence

c) General intelligence factor (g), specific intelligence (s), and practical intelligence

d) Expertise, imaginative thinking, and risk-taking

Correct answer: a) Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence

11. What is the relationship between creativity and analytical intelligence?

a) Highly correlated

b) Not correlated

c) Creativity enhances analytical intelligence

d) Analytical intelligence enhances creativity

Correct answer: b) Not correlated

12. What are the brain areas associated with convergent thinking?

a) Analytical intelligence

b) Divergent thinking

c) Creativity

d) Practical intelligence

Correct answer: a) Analytical intelligence

13. What are the brain areas associated with divergent thinking?

a) Analytical intelligence

b) Convergent thinking

c) Creativity

d) Practical intelligence

Correct answer: c) Creativity

14. How many components important for creativity are suggested by studies?

a) 3

b) 4

c) 5

d) 8

Correct answer: c) 5

15. Which of the following is NOT one of the components important for creativity?

a) Expertise

b) Risk-taking

c) Logical reasoning

d) Imaginative thinking

Correct answer: c) Logical reasoning

16. According to research, are creative individuals more motivated by intrinsic interest or external rewards?

a) Intrinsic interest

b) External rewards

c) Both intrinsic interest and external rewards equally

d) None of the above

Correct answer: a) Intrinsic interest

17. What does practical intelligence primarily refer to?

a) Analytical thinking in real-world situations

b) Accumulated knowledge throughout life

c) Street smarts and common sense

d) Adaptive abilities in novel situations

Correct answer: c) Street smarts and common sense

18. Is practical intelligence distinct from general intelligence (g)?

a) Yes, it is distinct and unrelated to g.

b) No, it is highly correlated with g.

c) There is not enough evidence to determine the relationship.

d) Practical intelligence is a subset of g.

Correct answer: c) There is not enough evidence to determine the relationship.

19. Who proposed the idea of multiple intelligences?

a) Alfred Binet

b) Charles Spearman

c) Lewis Terman

d) Howard Gardner

Correct answer: d) Howard Gardner

20. How many specific intelligences did Howard Gardner propose?

a) 4

b) 6

c) 8

d) 10

Correct answer: c) 8

21. What is the term used for people who score low on intelligence tests but have exceptional skills in a specific domain?

a) Autistic savants

b) Analytical thinkers

c) Creative geniuses

d) Practical learners

Correct answer: a) Autistic savants

22. Which of the following is NOT one of Howard Gardner's eight specific intelligences?

a) Mathematical intelligence

b) Musical intelligence

c) Linguistic intelligence

d) Logical intelligence

Correct answer: d) Logical intelligence

23. What type of evidence supports the idea of multiple intelligences?

a) Autistic savants' abilities

b) High correlation between different intelligences

c) Longitudinal studies on general intelligence

d) Comparison of intelligence test scores across cultures

Correct answer: a) Autistic savants' abilities

24. Can practical intelligence be gained from books or formal learning?

a) Yes, practical intelligence can be acquired through education.

b) No, practical intelligence is solely based on life experiences.

c) Practical intelligence is a combination of education and life experiences.

d) There is not enough evidence to determine the source of practical intelligence.

Correct answer: b) No, practical intelligence is solely based on life experiences.

25. Are there tests that specifically measure practical intelligence?

a) Yes, practical intelligence tests have been developed.

b) No, practical intelligence is not measurable.

c) Practical intelligence is measured through general intelligence tests.

d) The relationship between practical intelligence and testing is unclear

26. Which psychologist proposed seven clusters of primary mental abilities?

a) Alfred Binet

b) Charles Spearman

c) Lewis Terman

d) L. L. Thurstone

Correct answer: d) L. L. Thurstone

27. What are the seven clusters of primary mental abilities proposed by L. L. Thurstone?

a) Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory

b) Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence

c) Expertise, imaginative thinking, and risk-taking

d) Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

Correct answer: a) Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory

28. Is there a correlation among the different types of intelligences proposed by L. L. Thurstone?

a) Yes, they are highly correlated.

b) No, they are unrelated to each other.

c) There is a moderate correlation among some clusters.

d) The relationship between the clusters is unknown.

Correct answer: c) There is a moderate correlation among some clusters.

29. What does research suggest about exceptionally creative individuals in terms of intelligence scores?

a) They score higher than their less creative peers on intelligence tests.

b) They score lower than their less creative peers on intelligence tests.

c) There is no difference in intelligence scores between creative and less creative individuals.

d) The relationship between creativity and intelligence scores is unclear.

Correct answer: c) There is no difference in intelligence scores between creative and less creative individuals.

30. What type of thinking is associated with finding the correct answer to a problem?

a) Analytical thinking

b) Divergent thinking

c) Convergent thinking

d) Fluid thinking

Correct answer: c) Convergent thinking

31. Which of the following is NOT associated with creative thinking?

a) Analytical thinking

b) Divergent thinking

c) Generating multiple ideas

d) Adapting to new situations

Correct answer: a) Analytical thinking

32. Are the abilities measured by general intelligence (g) highly correlated with creativity?

a) Yes, they are highly correlated.

b) No, there is no correlation between g and creativity.

c) The relationship between g and creativity is unclear.

d) Creativity is a subset of general intelligence.

Correct answer: c) The relationship between g and creativity is unclear.

33. How is expertise related to creativity?

a) Expertise hinders creative thinking.

b) Expertise enhances creative thinking.

c) Expertise has no impact on creative thinking.

d) Expertise and creative thinking are unrelated.

Correct answer: b) Expertise enhances creative thinking.

34. What is the role of working environment in creativity?

a) Working environment has no impact on creativity.

b) Creative individuals prefer a structured working environment.

c) Working in a creative environment enhances creativity.

d) Creative individuals work better in isolation.

Correct answer: c) Working in a creative environment enhances creativity.

35. Is practical intelligence predictive of success in specific tasks?

a) Yes, practical intelligence is a strong predictor of task success.

b) No, there is no relationship between practical intelligence and task success.

c) Practical intelligence is only predictive in certain occupations.

d) The relationship between practical intelligence and task success is unclear.

Correct answer: d) The relationship between practical intelligence and task success is unclear.

36. Are exceptionally creative individuals typically supported, aided, and challenged by other people working on similar projects?

a) Yes, they receive extensive support from others.

b) No, they often work in isolation.

c) The level of support varies depending on the individual.

d) The support received by creative individuals is unrelated to their creativity.

Correct answer: a) Yes, they receive extensive support from others.

37. How many intelligences are proposed by psychologist Howard Gardner?

a) Five intelligences

b) Seven intelligences

c) Eight intelligences

d) Ten intelligences

Correct answer: c) Eight intelligences

38. What evidence supports the idea of multiple intelligences according to Howard Gardner?

a) The correlation between intelligence scores and specific skills

b) The exceptional skills of autistic savants in specific domains

c) The clustering of different types of questions on intelligence tests

d) The relationship between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

Correct answer: b) The exceptional skills of autistic savants in specific domains

39. What are some examples of the eight specific intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner?

a) Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed

b) Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence

c) Mathematical intelligence, musical intelligence, spatial intelligence

d) Expertise, imaginative thinking, risk-taking

Correct answer: c) Mathematical intelligence, musical intelligence, spatial intelligence

40. How do autistic savants typically perform on intelligence tests?

a) They score exceptionally high on intelligence tests.

b) They score exceptionally low on intelligence tests.

c) Their performance on intelligence tests is average.

d) Their performance on intelligence tests is unpredictable.

Correct answer: b) They score exceptionally low on intelligence tests.

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