CASE

Case is the use of different forms of nouns and pronouns to show their function in a sentence.

Examples:- I, me, my, we, you, his, her, etc. 

               KINDS OF CASE

   There are mainly four kinds of Case :-

1. Nominative Case

2. Objective Case 

3. Possessive Case/ Genitive Case 

4. Vocative Case 

1. Nominative Case :- The Nominative Case is used for a noun or a pronoun which is the subject of a verb in a sentence. 

Examples:- 

Ram eats cakes.(Ram - Nominative Case)

He eats cakes. -(He- Nominative Case)

The Nominative Case is also used for a subject complement.

Examples :- 

He Is a businessman. -

(Here, 'he' is in the nominative case because it's the subject of "is," and "businessman" is in the nominative case because it's a subject complement; i.e., it renames the subject.)

The Nominative Case is also known as the Subjective Case. 

2. Objective Case:- The Objective Case is used for a noun or a pronoun which is object to a verb in a sentence. 

The Objective Case is of two kinds:-

1. Accusative Case 

2. Dative Case

Examples:- 

He gave me a book. 

He gave a mango to Ram.

( Here, the Verb 'gave' has two objects - 'me' and 'Ram' denote persons, so they are Indirect Objects and 'book ' and 'mango' denote things, so they are Direct Objects. The Direct Objects are always in Accusative Case, while the Indirect Objects are always in Dative Case.)

3. Possessive Case:- It shows possession. Examples:- my, our, your, etc.

A noun can be changed into Possessive Case by using two symbols- "of" and " 's" ( apostrophe 's').

1. Of -  The fruit of this garden 

             The roof of my house 

              The milk of this cow . etc. 

2. Apostrophe s - Ram's pen, Sita's bangles,  Radha's dresses,  etc. 

Rules regarding the use of Apostrophe s ('s) :-

1. In respect of living things i.e. human beings and animals, both 'of' and ' 's ' are used. 

Examples:- Man's name.

                    Horse's head ,etc. 

It may be written as - The name of man.

                                 The head of horse,etc.

2. Apostrophe s is used with personified things. 

Examples:- nature's beauty,  death's cry, etc. 

3. Apostrophe s is used with time, space and weight denoting words. 

Examples:- 

Time - a day's journey 

Space - a stone's throw 

Weight - five kilogram's weight. 

4. Apostrophe s is used with some universal truths. 

Examples- the sun's rays, the court's decree,  the heaven's will,  duty's call, the ocean's roar, the river's bank, etc. 

5. With plural nouns, apostrophe (') comes without 's'.

Examples- cats' hair , birds' nest, students' diary,  etc. 

6. In respect of an Abstract Noun ending with 's, ess and ce ' ,only apostrophe is used and 'sake' comes after it. 

Examples- goodness' sake,  conscience' sake. 

7. If a Proper Noun ends with s, apostrophe s is used in that case. 

Examples:- Keats's poems,  Yeats's work, etc. 

FORMS OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN DIFFERENT CASES:-

Nominative       Objective      Possessive 

    Case                  Case               Case 

I                        me               my, mine

We                      us                our, ours

You                    you               your, yours

He                      him                his

She                      her               her, hers

It                         it                   its

They                    them            their, theirs