Seven continents
There are five seas and seven continents in the world. About 8 billion people live here
There are five seas and seven continents in the world. About 8 billion people live here. We can never know everything about this world. But it is valuable to know some very simple facts about continents. Because we need to have the knowledge to clarify if our children or someone asks if they know about it. Not only that, but can we not be ignorant of the world in which we live? Asia.asia is the largest continent in the world. The Asian continent accounts for more than half of the world's population. There are 4.6 billion people on the Asian continent. Asian cities are also overcrowded. The most popular cities are Mumbai, Bangkok, Manila, Tokyo, Shanghai, Kuala Lumpur and Jakarta. Oil-rich countries in the Middle East are considered to be the best money-making countries in Asia.2300 languages are spoken in Asia alone. The most widely used language is Chinese. It is used by 1.4 billion Chinese.Australia, Oceania. Oceania has several small islands in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Ocean. Australia's vast flat plain is called a continent. The major cities in the Oceania region are Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and Brisbane. All four cities are in Australia. Despite the vast expansion, only 43 million people live in Oceania. This number is only twice that of Sri Lanka.Africa.Africa is considered the homeland of man. According to fossil records, man originated in Africa and spread throughout the world. The African continent is made up of 54 countries. There are 1.3 billion people in those 54 countries.The most popular cities in Africa are Lagos in Nigeria, Kinshara in the Congo, Johannesburg in South Africa and Cairo in Egypt. Africa is one of the poorest parts of the world. The Europeans occupied African lands in the 1500s and 1900s and enslaved not only the resources of Africa but also the people to those lands. The Nile, the longest river in the world, flows through Africa and gives life to many countries.North America.When we say North America, we mean only America. But North America belongs to 23 countries. This includes Canada, Mexico, the West Indies and other countries. Greenland, the world's largest island, is geographically part of North America.But it belongs to Denmark in Europe. 80% of North America's 580 million population. But now the number of true believers is rapidly declining. Most people in the North American region speak English.Europe.Europe is one of the most developed regions in the world. Europe has two of the smallest countries in the world. One is the Vatican, the other is Monaco. The Vatican is in Rome, Italy and Monaco in France. There are 44 countries in Europe.Europeans are one of the most influential people in the world. Due to their colonial activities after 1500, European cultural influences were strongly felt around the world.That colonialism brought European customs to India at that time. The European region is more united than any other region. Although the UK has seceded from the EU, the EU is still a strong body.South America.The Andes, the longest mountain range in the world, and Angels, the tallest waterfall in the world, are located in South America. The Atacama Desert in Chile is the driest land in South America. There are 430 million people living in South America.The Amazon rainforest, the world's largest rainforest, is located in South America. South American countries are close to us because of the game of football. The stars of Argentina and Brazil are still popular among football fans in our country.Antarctica.Although people live on every continent, no one was born and raised in Antarctica. Later countries such as North America and New Zealand also had a nation called Native. However, although penguins can be seen during the harsh winter months,People did not choose Antarctica as their location. About 90 percent of Antarctica is covered by ice. This ice contains more than 60% of the world's pure water.
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How Sea Waves are Formed?
Start writing... As discussed earlier, there are several types of waves and the forces behind them are also different. The most common cause of ocean waves is wind. Wind-driven waves, also known as surface waves, are formed due to the friction between surface water and wind.When the wind is blowing on the sea, the surface exerts the gravitational force on the bottom layer of the wind. This, in turn, exerts the pull on the layer above it until it reaches the top-most layer.With the gravitational pull being different at each layer, the wind moves at a different speed. The top-most layer tumbles, forming a circular motion. This creates a downward pressure at the front and upward pressure at the rear of the surface, causing a wave.However, there are tidal waves that are created by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon on the earth. It should be noted that a tidal wave is a shallow water wave, not a tsunami.While the above-mentioned waves are not dangerous in its impact, there are hazardous waves, including tsunami, that is caused by severe weather conditions such as a hurricane, typhoon as well as a tornado, and other natural calamities including earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions.Waves are basically disturbances (termed oscillations) on the surface of the water, which can be formed on all types of water bodies like seas, oceans, rivers and even lakes.Although waves stem from some kind of external force, they are actually a restoring force, which counters the disturbance introduced in the water. They seem to transport water and debris as they move. But there is more to it than meets the eye.Actually, waves are energy passing through the water, which makes the water to move in a circular motion. If you might have closely observed a boat encountering a wave, the wave lurches the boat upward and forward, swirls it, but then the boat comes down to its original position.This is evidence enough that waves do not make the water travel much, but are simply the manifestation of the transfer of kinetic energy through the water.Some might argue that they have clearly seen waves moving forward and splashing on the shore. This happens because the inclined edge of the beach offers resistance and slows down the bottom portion of the wave. This creates an imbalance, and the upper portion of the wave, or the crest, topples forward and splashes on the beach.Having established the fact that waves represent the movement of energy, the obvious question is that from where do waves get their energy?.While mild winds blowing over the surface of the water may create small surface waves, extreme weather conditions like hurricanes and cyclones produce strong winds and often create huge waves which may be potentially hazardous.Some adverse natural phenomena like underwater earthquakes, landslides or volcanic eruptions can create humongous series of waves known as tsunamis, which can cause unimaginable destruction to the coastal ecology and human inhabitations in the area of impact. Waves can also be caused by recurring natural phenomena like tides.Waves are basically classified according to their formation, source of energy and behaviour. Here we will be looking at the different types of sea waves and how they are formed.Different Types of Sea Waves.As mentioned, the sea waves are categorized based on their formation and behaviour. The commonly used classification of ocean waves is based on the wave period.Here are all the different types of sea waves.Breaking Waves.The breaking waves are formed when the wave collapses on top of itself. The breaking of water surface waves happens anywhere on the surface of the seawater.However, one can see breaking water surface waves most commonly on a coastline since wave heights are normally amplified in the shallower water areas.When waves approach the shore, their profile is modified by the resistance offered by the sloping seafloor. The seafloor obstructs the motion of the base (or trough) of the wave, while the top part (or crest) continues to move at its usual speed. As a result, the wave begins to lean forward as it gradually approaches the shore.At a point where the steepness ratio of the wave reaches 1:7, the crest outruns the slow-moving trough, and the entire profile of the wave collapses on itself, thus forming a breaking wave.Classification of breaking waves.Spilling waves.Also known as mushy waves in the beach-goers’ terminology, these waves are formed at gentle inclinations of the ocean floor. If the shoreline is gently sloping, the energy of the waves is gradually expelled, the crest gradually spills and mild waves are formed. These waves take more time to break as compared to other types.Plunging Waves.When waves pass over a steeply inclined or rugged ocean floor, the crest of the wave curls and trap a pocket of air underneath it. As a result, the waves somewhat explode when they reach the steeper gradient of the shore, and all of the waves’ energy is dissipated over a much shorter distance. Thus plunging waves are formed. Common during offshore winds, these waves have high energies and travel really swiftly, which may prove to be dangerous to unsuspecting beachgoers and surfers. They also result in tremendous erosion and deposition.Surging waves.They are produced when huge swells reach shorelines having a steep profile. They travel at high speeds and have no crest associated with them. Although they might seem to be harmless because they don’t break like other waves, they can be dangerous because of the strong backwash (pulling or sucking effect) associated with them.Collapsing waves.They are a blend of plunging and surging waves. Their crest does completely break, and the bottom profile gets vertically aligned and collapses, turning into whitewater.Deep Water Waves.Deepwater waves, as the name suggests, have their origin where the depth of the water in the ocean is significant, and there is no shoreline to provide any resistance to their motion.Technically speaking, they are formed in areas where the depth of the water is more than half of the wavelength of the wave. The speed of the wave is a function of the wavelength of the wave.This means that waves having a longer wavelength, travel at greater speeds as compared to waves with a shorter wavelength.They are actually multiple waves of different wavelengths, which superimpose upon one another to form a combined larger wave.They are long and travel in straight lines, and have enough energy to traverse much greater distances as compared to other waves like breaking waves. The major force of causation is wind energy, which can be from local or distant winds. They are also known as stokesian waves or short waves.Shallow Water Waves.These waves have their origin where the depth of the water is much lesser. They typically travel in waters which have depths lesser than 1/20th of the wavelength of the wave.But unlike deep water waves, the speed of the wave has nothing to do with the wavelength of the wave, and the speed is a function of the depth of water.This means that waves in shallow waters traverse faster than waves in deeper waters. More specifically, the speed is equal to the square root of the product of the depth of water and the acceleration due to gravity.They are also known as lagrangian waves or long waves.These waves may have a variety of causation factors behind them.Types Of Shallow-water Waves:Tidal waves.They are caused due to astronomical forces like the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon on the ocean water. You can think of the high and low tides as the traversing of a wave with a time period of 12 hours.Tsunamis.Tsunami is a Japanese word, as Japan is possibly the country most frequently affected by tsunamis. The word ‘tsunami’ finds it’s the origin in two different words; ‘tsu’ which means harbour, and ‘nami’ which means wave.So it roughly translates to ‘harbour waves’. Most of the tsunamis (about 80%) result from large scale underwater earthquakes.The rest 20% is generated by underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions and even meteorite impacts. They travel at very high velocities, so are highly dangerous and devastating.They are considered shallow-water waves, because a typical tsunami wavelength is several hundred miles long, as an example let’s say 400 miles, while the deepest part of the ocean is 7 miles deep.So the depth is obviously less than 1/20th of wavelength, as discussed earlier.Inshore Waves.The length of these waves is less than the depth of the water they enter, which decreases the velocity of the waves. This results in the decrease of the wavelength and increase in the height, eventually breaking the wave.These waves drain the beach as a backwash.Internal Waves.They are one of the largest waves in the ocean but are barely noticeable on the surface due to their formation in the internal layers of the water.Ocean water is composed of different layers because the more saline and colder water has a tendency to sink beneath the less salty warmer water. When the interface between these distinct layers is disturbed due to external forces like tidal movements, internal waves are generated.Although similar to surface waves in shape and structure, they traverse long distances and attain towering heights when they hit a landmass. According to scientists, the largest known internal waves are generated in the Luzon Strait in the South China Sea (about 550 feet tall).Kelvin Waves.Kelvin waves are large scale waves, which are caused by a lack of wind flow in the Pacific Ocean. They were discovered by Sir William Thompson (who was later known as Lord Kelvin).Kelvin waves are a special type of gravity waves that are influenced by the Earth’s rotation and get trapped at the Equator or along lateral vertical boundaries such as coastlines or mountain ranges.There are two kinds of Kelvin waves – coastal and equatorial waves. Both these waves are gravity-driven as well as non-dispersive in nature.Progressive Waves.For a progressive wave, the amplitude is equal to overall points and has net energy flow. In other words, it’s a form of a wave in which the ratio of an instantaneous value at one point to that at any other point is constant. There are three types of progressive waves such as longitudinal, transverse, and orbital waves.Refracted Waves.Refracted waves travel in shallow water when they approach the shore and the shallowness decreases the power of the wave and causes a curve. These are usually seen near headlands and bays.Seiche Waves.Seiche waves or simple a seiche (pronounced ‘saysh’) are standing waves that form in a confined or partially confined body of water. Standing waves, in general, can form in any type of semi-enclosed or enclosed body of water.In general, terms, when water sloshes back and forth in a swimming pool, a water tub or even a glass of water, it is a seiche on a much smaller scale. On a larger scale, they are formed in bay areas and large lakes.Seiches are generated when either rapid changes in the atmospheric pressure or strong winds force the water and push it to pile up in one part of the water body.When the external force finally stops, the piled-up water, possessing potential energy, rebounds back to the opposite side of the enclosed water body.This periodic oscillation of water, without anything to offer resistance, continues for long intervals of time, typically many hours or even many days at the end. They can also be caused by storm fronts, tsunamis or earthquakes in ocean harbours or sea shelves.Many times, Seiches may be mistaken for tides. This is because the time period of the wave (the difference between the high(crest) and low(trough)) may be up to 7-8 hours, which is comparable to the time period of most tides.Although the causal factors may be the same for seiche waves and tsunamis, seiches are fundamentally different from tsunamis.Seiches are basically standing waves with long time periods of oscillations and occur in confined bodies of water, while tsunamis are progressive waves which generally occur in free bodies of water.Capillary Waves.Capillary waves closely resemble ripples in their structure. The restoring force involved is capillarity, which is the binding force that holds together the water molecules on the surface of the ocean.Their particularly wavy structure is caused due to light breezes and calm winds that blow at small speeds of about 3-4 metres per second, at a reference level height of 10 metres from the surface of the water.
By Zarinabanu Zarinabanu3 years ago in Earth
Flat Earth "Science" -- Wrong, but not Stupid
I, like many individuals involved in science communication, find flat earthers to be intriguing. Here we have a group of individuals who adamantly deny evidence that is clearly presented to them. Today, I would like to discuss why I believe that flat earthers are not necessarily unintelligent or anti-scientific, at least not all of them. Furthermore, I would like to address why it is perfectly acceptable if you are unable to recall how we have come to understand that the earth is round. However, before delving into that, it is important to outline what flat earthers actually believe and how they have arrived at these beliefs.
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