How did Voyager 1, which is 22.8 billion kilometers away, send the signal back to Earth?
Voyager 1, the technology that sends signals back to Earth
The universe is so big, but the range of human activities is very small. So far, the farthest place humans have been to is the moon, and the average distance between the moon and the earth is only 380,000 kilometers. Of course, humans have also launched a variety of detectors. If you count them, then the range of human activities will be much larger.
Among the many probes that humans have launched, Voyager 1, which is the farthest from the earth, is undoubtedly the most eye-catching. After its launch in 1977, Voyager 1 has continuously used the "gravitational slingshots" of Jupiter and Saturn. , which has greatly increased its flight speed. After that, it has been flying toward the depths of the universe. By 2021, Voyager 1 has flown 22.8 billion kilometers away.
Even at the speed of light, it takes more than 20 hours to run 22.8 billion kilometers. For humans, this distance can be said to be very far. It is amazing that Voyager 1, which is 22.8 billion kilometers away, still maintains contact with the earth, so the question arises, how does it transmit the signal back to the earth?
In fact, Voyager 1 does not use any "black technology" to communicate. It uses ordinary radio communication technology. In short, it first modulates the information to be transmitted into radio signals, and then converts these The signal goes directly back to Earth (without any repeaters in between).
The energy of Voyager 1 comes from its own three plutonium radioisotope thermoelectric generators (that is, "nuclear batteries" that use the decay of plutonium radioisotopes to obtain electricity), with a total power of 420 watts.
In order to ensure the success rate of radio signal transmission, the transmitting frequency of Voyager 1 selects the 8GHz frequency band with minimal radio interference, and is equipped with a "high-gain antenna" with a diameter of 3.7 meters, which can concentrate the signal in a certain direction This is the largest reflector antenna ever made by humans at that time.
In addition, Voyager 1 is also equipped with the most accurate gyroscope at the time, which can help Voyager 1 correct the direction of the antenna so that the direction of the signal sent is always aimed at the earth.
Although Voyager 1 used the most advanced radio communication equipment at the time, the strength of the radio signal decreased exponentially as the distance increased. Today, when the signal sent by Voyager 1 reaches the earth, its The power is already as low as 10^-22 watts (that is, ten trillionths of a watt).
"If you want to receive a very weak signal, you must have an antenna with a large enough diameter. If one is not enough, we can also build many combinations to use." Based on this idea, NASA began to build in the 1960s. Deep Space Network (DSN for short).
The deep space network is actually a lot of antennas. They are extremely sensitive and large. The largest antenna can reach 70 meters. Scientists combine these antennas to form a very powerful radio communication system. , even if Voyager 1 has flown 22.8 billion kilometers away, the deep space network can still receive its signal back to Earth.
The system is currently divided into three stations, namely "Goldstone View" (Goldstone View), "Madrid View" and "Canberra View".
As shown in the figure above, these three stations are distributed at 120 degrees (longitude) on the surface of the earth, so that the "communication blind spot" caused by the rotation of the earth can be avoided, so as to realize 24 hours a day with the probe in the deep space of the universe. of uninterrupted communication.
In recent decades, scientists have been using new technologies to improve the long-distance communication capabilities of deep space networks, such as holographic alignment to improve the accuracy of focused signals, new materials to increase the diameter of antennas, and more precise new panels to improve accuracy, or simply replace outdated antennas with more advanced antennas.
Nevertheless, the deep space network cannot keep in contact with Voyager 1 all the time, and we can fully speculate that as the distance increases, the signal transmitted by Voyager 1 back to Earth will become weaker and weaker, until it eventually disappears in the In the background noise of the universe.
On the other hand, after 44 years of flying, Voyager 1's "nuclear battery" can't last long. Scientists estimate that Voyager 1's energy will be exhausted by 2025. After that, it will It will be completely disconnected from the earth, and from then on wandering alone in the vast space of the universe.
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Mysteries About the Human Body
The capability they serve is so we can things welcome to watch mojo and pick up Today, we are listing our choices for the top ten mysteries surrounding the human body this 2000 year old clinical secret might worth settle all things considered for this rundown we'll be taking a gander at the most puzzling inborn human ways of behaving body parts and qualities that researchers still can't seem to make sense of what's ensure that your favorite medical mystery Send us your thoughts in the box below. Number ten snoring taking into account how infectious yawning is you'd figure researchers would have figured out the mystery long ago. in any event, seeing an image of somebody yawning with no sound or movement can be sufficient to initiate a yawn you can spread by means of watching recordings and across different species yet the conundrum remains unsolved, and some believe yawning aides balance our cerebrum's temperature another hypothesis recommends that it stirs the body by invigorating both our pulse and the muscles in our eyes a third theory expresses that fatigue and weariness lead to shallow breaths so the hypothesis goes when your Your body detects your shallow breathing. When you yawn, your brain forces you to take in a full breath in this way yawning is our body's shrewd method of exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen while science can't completely make sense of the process, which we are aware signifies that you might want to take a nap, haven't you? at any point attempted to stop past once it has begun basically nine dominant hands are an impossible number. from utilizing chopsticks to picking a work area Our dominant hands play a role at school. quite large part in our lives hello hello mr miyagi look look you start a karma while by far most of individuals are correct given about a 10th of the world is still left-handed. researchers doesn't know what decides whether an individual will be a lefty or a True, but our environment might have some connection to it, and while there have been a few hypotheses endeavoring to make sense of why handedness exists at all, or why the majority Most people now use their right hand. numerical model recommends that the The actual ratio shows a good balance between cutthroat and agreeable tensions on human development as such there may be more normal southpaws in the world than we understand they've quite recently been molded in any case by power figures who disallow left-gave composing perceptions of families and hereditary studies have shown that handedness does appear to be a little genetic, and that More men are left-handed than right. ladies yet many ventures through our genome has not identified the gene answerable for left or right handedness Naturally, only a few people are ambidextrous. individuals who can sit at any school work area They think they are the fortunate ones. The eighth appendix has long been regarded as rather than a requirement the motivation behind the addendum is very after all, most people understand them. removed on a daily basis without major enduring results other than a cool new scar that actually covers the appendix longer name called the vermiform index vermiform simply implies worm-like reference section simply alludes to an extremity and The appendix is a part that looks like a worm. off of this construction called the cecum while researcher aren't precisely certain why We have a few possibilities in our appendices. have been discovered in research and hypothesizing, according to some scientists that the organ may in fact aid in training our safe framework in utero yet maybe the most encouraging hypothesis is that it obliges great microorganisms that help us digest appropriately all we truly know is that while the supplement might be minuscule it's loaded up with lots of secret number seven fingerprints our One of the most authentic fingerprints one of a kind highlights that we have as right on time as early as 220 B.C. Fingerprints were used by the ancient Chinese to sign authoritative records without acknowledging how individual these Marks were in fact identical twins. also, trios don't have something very similar pattern of ridges, lines, and loops owing to their extraordinary one-of-a-kind properties These impressions have a significant crucial role in crime and identification settling rehearses we must utilize all the resources at our disposal for attempting and distinguish and settle wrongdoing and lawbreakers are becoming more adept at what they do Furthermore, we must keep up with them and This is only one approach we might take. further develop the way that we can utilize fingerprints and at last despite their presence, stop crime and find it. significance to the equity framework and our telephones nobody truly knows why we have fingerprints in any case some researchers accept that they influence the the force with which we feel touched Yet another group believes that they guarded safeguard one way or another there's no it they're valuable in numerous to reject that parts of present day life our feeling of touch is about the sensitive spots on the finish of our fingers and we call our thumbs pacinian. corpuscles they are set off when you When you touch something, they send a signal. up to your mind, and you determine what you've contacted number six bosoms what What do you think of my breasts? like their kindred warm blooded animals people use bosoms to feed their young anyway human chests are different as Scientists tend to keep them swollen. aren't exactly certain why people reliably have bigger bosoms a Only a few evolutionary biologists believe that they might be involved in drawing in mates OK jan we really want to talk anyway taking into account the extensive variety of preferences when it comes to the body types this is certainly not a generally acknowledged hypothesis a characteristic child that is the way I like them swing low sweet chariots another speculation advocated by columnist florence williams conjectures that bigger bosoms could ease lactation and add fat to breastfeed despite the bizarre social fixation on large busts they actually hold a great deal of secret mama the five types of blood that a person has Type is essential in numerous settings like specific clinical methodology for what reason in all actuality do blood classifications matter for transfusion of blood locating the appropriate one involves life and demise if Type is given to a person with type a blood. b blood or the other way around, their antibodies will reject the antigens from outside and assault them possibly causing the bonded blood to cluster what's more blood classification might factor into long haul issues with the body, such as memory loss and stomach disease yet I desire to persuade you that by noticing these child steps into it into whereas scientists maintain that each type is interestingly prepared to fend off particular illnesses nobody truly knows why it could be that our forefathers created a variety of antigens based on the diseases that were generally normal where they resided and advancement took care of the rest however that is only one theory in addition to certain individuals trust that In fact, the classification has an effect on our personalities fall short of expectations. way, whereas the blood type phenomenon stays a secret it's generally a decent thought to realize your sort number four microorganisms, did you know that roughly? 1% to 3% of our total body weight is made out of different microorganisms The living things known as microbes only one cell throughout their body. cells are the small structure hinders that fit together to make the assortments of living things the typical human meat actually serves as the permanent home of around 100 trillion of them We are aware that numerous of these help us out with ordinary living by battling diseases recuperating wounds and advancing digestive wellbeing some are truly useful like the microscopic organisms that is tracked down in yogurt and cheddar which we call the probiotics and they are necessary for a healthy line, but The fact that exist for no makes there quite a large number obvious explanation ideally one day we'll sort out what these little fellows do Nevertheless, we will continue to Let them hang out, we don't need to. have a lot of decision what is clear is that without these microorganisms we wouldn't be The third mystery pair of jeans is here. as individuals we have around 20 000 qualities that make us who and what we are With our, multiple genes collaborate. climate to decide our hair and skin tone our level our weight our arterial pressure what's more, our gamble of creating type 2 diabetes discouragement cancer a few autoimmune conditions what's more, numerous different circumstances in spite of the the fact that they are the actual structure blocks of our bodies we don't have the foggiest idea what a significant number of them do the ones we know the most about express a lot of protein which makes them simpler to inspect the number of duplicates of the protein Are there any, if so, then it's more straightforward to fish it out than if there are few thus we made a similarity to the road light joke in which despite the fact that you lost the keys in a dim region you are searching for them under the light since that is where scientists think you can see that numerous lesser concentrated on qualities might be associated with specific infections tragically we presumably won't find out what reason they all serve at any point in the near future as exploration financing is frequently hard to stop by so it appears as though we'll need to hang tight some time for the responses in light of the fact that the capability of that large number of qualities isn't even known, in fact, it is extremely challenging. to have some work in which you bomb 80 85 percent of the time and you need to basically recognize that each time you see a patient Many people would rather not do that. number two rest and dreams specialists say that we ought to nap for an normal of seven to nine hours each night and on the off chance that you're having inconvenience resting it can negatively affect various parts of your life rest is basic to your brain's capacity to frame and solidify recollections Sleep deprivation can also limit your creativity and ability to solve problems ability despite putting in about 33% of our lives to the action we're not totally certain why rest is so significant researchers have concocted a hardly any speculations going from energy safeguarding to rebuilding to security against nighttime hunters Obviously, we frequently dream while we sleep. [Music] i'm a star i'm Nobody, according to some researchers, this is a method for figuring out our regular encounters but others believe it's nothing exceptional we may not comprehend the precise purpose of sleep and dreams yet we'll keep on appreciating them Most of the time, we know that it most likely has something to do with recuperating we realize that it has something to do with kind of reestablishing the body it likely has numerous other capabilities what we can be sure of is that we can't manage without it before we disclose our top pick here are a couple fair specifies becoming flushed researchers don't have the foggiest idea why being humiliated or restless causes us to become a brilliant shade of red you're becoming flushed Autosomal sneezing and blushing in the sun predominant convincing heliophthalmic explosion is a secret so a great deal of us are affected, but how it happens and why is not fully comprehended despite that people have been thinking about it for millennia a self-influenced consequence our strong minds can deceive us Sometimes it works out well, and it's by and large in light of a patient's convictions it depends on the possibility that a patient accepts that they will get an even though the substance has no effect again it has no real pharmacologic activity taste receptors in the heart and lungs still haven't figured out why these organs are receptive to severe synthetic compounds before we proceed make certain to buy in to our channel and ring the chime to get told about our most recent recordings you'll have the choice to be advised for videos on occasion, or all of them if If you're on your phone, leave immediately. into your settings and switch on notifications number one consciousness There are trillions of in the human brain. brain associations and they won't ever stop to astonish and bewilder us Our thoughts can go beyond just our being itself, as well as the existence of Nature, stars, and the sky We are able to make things and to destroy We have to wait 20 minutes sometimes to choose what to have for supper it even keeps small copies of our events in life. dubbed memories treat memory like a movie The bit of reel short-term memory is at any given time, film projected on a screen moment long haul memory happens when the reel is put away in the middle between the momentary memory is changed over into through a memory, long-term memory the process of hardening known as consolidation there are numerous questions encompassing these mental recollections and how experience cognizance all the more extensively furthermore, however these cycles might be the key to understanding our spot in the universe it's not appearing as though we'll Identify the case soon; this is the perhaps the most difficult issue in science and philosophy cannot guarantee its resolution. overnight be that as it may, I really do believe we will figure it out ultimately do you concur with our picks: take a look at this additional recent clip. from watchmojo and make certain to buy in also, ring the chime to be informed about our most recent recordings you the capability they serve is so we can get things welcome to watch magic and today we're counting down our picks for the main 10 inexplicable problems about the body, a 2000-year-old medical secret might worth tackle all things considered We will examine the for this list: most puzzling intrinsic human ways of behaving attributes and body parts that There is still no explanation from scientists for ensure that your favorite medical mystery Send us your thoughts in the box below. number 10 yawning taking into account how infectious yawning is You would think that scientists would broken the secret behind it a very long time prior even looking at a picture of a person sneezing with no sound or movement can be sufficient to instigate a yawn you can spread through watching recordings and across a variety of species, but the mystery remains unsolved, and some believe Our brains are more balanced when we yawn. temperature another hypothesis proposes that It stimulates both to awaken the body. our pulse and the muscles in our eyes a third theory expresses that Boredom and exhaustion result in shallow breaths so the hypothesis goes when your body detects your breathing is shallow your mind makes you yawn which powers you to take a deep breath in this manner. Our body's clever way of saying exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen while science can't completely make sense of the process we really do realize that it connotes that it very well may be the ideal opportunity for a rest have you at any point attempted to stop past once it has begun basically nine dominant hands are an impossible number. from choosing a desk to using chopsticks Our dominant hands play a role at school. quite large part in our lives hello hello mr miyagi look look You begin with luck, but the majority of individuals are correct given about a 10th of the world is left-given still Scientists are unsure of what factors whether an individual will be a lefty or a righty anyway our current circumstance may have something to do with it and keeping in mind that There have been numerous hypotheses. trying to explain the reason for handedness exists at all, or why the majority individuals are correct given a new numerical model proposes that the genuine proportion mirrors a harmony between cutthroat and agreeable tensions on In other words, there is human evolution. may be more regular southpaws in the world than we understand they've quite recently been influenced in this way by authority figures who forbid writing with the left hand perceptions of families and hereditary studies have shown that handedness does give off an impression of being to some degree heritable and that More men are left-handed than right. women, but a lot of people look through our genome haven't found the quality that is liable for people who are left- or right-handed obviously there are uncommon able to use both hands individuals who can sit at any school work area they need they're the fortunate ones The eighth appendix has long been regarded as of an irritation than a need the reason for the reference section is very baffling after all individuals get them removed on a daily basis without major consequences that last beyond a cool new scar that actually covers the appendix longer name called the vermiform index vermiform simply implies worm-like The word "appendix" simply means an appendage and the reference section is a worm-like extremity off of this design called the cecum despite the fact that biologists are unsure why we have appendixes a couple of conceivable outcomes have been discovered in research and hypothesizing, according to some scientists that the organ could really help train our immune system when we were born, but perhaps the most encouraging hypothesis is that it accepts beneficial bacteria that aid us digest appropriately all we truly know is that while the reference section might be small it's filled with mystery to the brim Our fingerprints are number seven. One of the most authentic fingerprints one of a kind elements that we have as right on time as the year 220 bc the old chinese utilized fingerprints to sign authoritative archives unaware of the individuality of these stamps genuinely were even indistinguishable twins also, trios don't have something very similar example of circles twirls edges and lines because of their astonishing exceptional properties These impressions have a significant vital job in distinguishing proof and wrongdoing tackling rehearses we must utilize all the resources at our disposal for attempting and distinguish and address wrongdoing and crooks are getting better at doing what they do Furthermore, we must keep up with them and The fact that we could makes this only one way further develop the way that we can utilize fingerprints and at last forestall and identify wrongdoing notwithstanding their significance to the equity framework and our telephones nobody truly knows why we have fingerprints in any case some Scientists think they have an effect on the force with which we feel touched however others accept they go about as a protective safeguard one way or the other there's no it they're helpful in numerous to reject that aspects of today's society our feeling of touch is about the sensitive spots on the finish of our fingers and we call our thumbs pacinian. corpuscles, which are activated when When you touch something, they send a signal. up to your mind, and you determine what you've contacted number six bosoms what do you contemplate my bosoms a what like their kindred warm blooded animals people use bosoms to feed their young anyway human chests are different as they will quite often stay enlarged researchers aren't exactly certain why people always have bigger breasts a modest bunch of developmental researcher think that they might be involved in getting girlfriends okay jan We must talk. however, given the extensive selection of tastes that exist with regards to body types this is certainly not a generally acknowledged hypothesis a characteristic child that is the way I like them swing low sweet chariots another hypothesis that a journalist popularized Florence Williams hypothesizes that bosoms could ease lactation and add fat to breastfeed despite the bizarre social fixation on large busts they actually hold a ton of secret mama number five blood classifications an individual's blood type is pivotal in various settings like specific clinical methods for what reason truly do blood classifications matter for blood bondings viewing as the right one involves life and passing if Type is given to a person with type a blood. b blood or the other way around, their antibodies will dismiss the unfamiliar antigens and assault them possibly causing the additionally, blood was transfused to clot. Long-term factors may include blood type. issues with the body, such as memory loss and cancer of the stomach, but I hope to persuade you that by adhering to these initial actions into the into while researchers trust that each blood type is interestingly prepared to ward off diverse diseases that no one really knows about The fact that our precursors makes why it conceivable created various antigens in light of the contaminations that were generally normal where they resided and development took care of the rest however that is only one speculation in addition to certain individuals trust that the characterization really influences our characters character goes some unacceptable way while the peculiarity of blood classifications remains a mystery, which is always positive. thought to realize your sort number four microorganisms did you had at least some idea that roughly 1% to 3% of our total body weight is made out of various organisms The living things known as microbes just a single cell in their whole body cells are the small structure hinders that fit together to make the assortments of the typical human being's meat suit really plays extremely durable hosts to approximately 100 trillion We are aware that numerous of these aid us in our day-to-day lives by healing from injuries and fighting infections some are encouraging healthy intestines. truly helpful like the microorganisms that is tracked down in yogurt and cheddar which we refer to as the probiotics; they are fundamental for sound line anyway There are many that do not exist. obvious explanation ideally one day we'll sort out what these little fellows do be that as it may, meanwhile we'll proceed to Let them hang out, we don't need to. have a lot of options, but one thing is clear: without these microorganisms we wouldn't be The third mystery pair of jeans is here. as individuals we have roughly 20 000 qualities that make us who and what we are With our, multiple genes collaborate. climate to decide our hair and skin tone our stature our weight our circulatory strain what's more, our gamble of creating type 2 diabetes wretchedness cancer a few immune system issues furthermore, numerous different circumstances regardless of the the fact that they are the actual structure blocks of our bodies we don't have any idea How many of the ones we know do the most express a significant amount of protein which makes them more straightforward to examine the protein's number of copies. are there on the off chance that there are parts again it's simpler to locate than if there are few As a result, we drew parallels to the street. light joke in which, despite losing the keys in a dim region you are searching for them under the light since that is where you can see yet researchers accept that numerous lesser concentrated on qualities might be associated with specific infections Unfortunately, we won't likely find out. what reason they all serve at any point in the near future due to the difficulty of obtaining funding for research come by because it appears that we will need to wait for the responses because the capability of that large number of qualities isn't even known as a matter of fact it's extremely challenging to occupy a job where you fail in 80-85% of the time, and you almost have to Recognize that each time you see a patient a many individuals would rather not do that number two rest and dreams specialists say that we ought to nap for an normal of seven to nine hours each night, and if you are having difficulty dozing it can negatively affect different parts of your life Sleep is essential for the ability of your mind. to consolidate and form memories Sleep deprivation can also limit your creativity and ability to solve problems capacity notwithstanding committing around devoted a third of our lives to the task we're not altogether certain why rest is so renowned scientists have developed a few energy-related theories safeguarding to rebuilding to security against nighttime hunters obviously when we rest we frequently dream [Music] I'm a superstar That's what no one a few scientists trust this is a method for figuring out our regular encounters but others consider it to be insignificant, we might not comprehend the precise purpose of sleep and dreams, but we'll keep enjoying them. Most of the time, we know that it most likely has something to do mending we realize that it has something to do with kind of reestablishing the body it most likely has numerous other capabilities what we can be sure of is that we can't manage without it before we disclose our top pick here are a couple fair mentions that scientists are confused and blushing. why embarrassment and anxiety result in us to become a striking shade of red you're becoming flushed you are becoming flushed sun wheezing autosomal powerful and dominant heliophthalmic eruption is a secret so a great deal of us are affected, but how it happens and why is not completely perceived in spite of the reality that people have been thinking about it for millennia a self-influenced consequence our strong minds can deceive us once in a while to improve things and it's by and large in light of a patient's convictions It is predicated on the notion that a patient believes that they will receive an even though the substance has no effect again it has no genuine pharmacologic activity taste receptors in the heart and lungs still haven't figured out why these Organs are sensitive to sour chemicals. before we proceed make certain to buy in to our channel and ring the chime to get you will be notified of our most recent videos. have the choice to be informed for intermittent recordings or every one of them if you're on your telephone ensure you go into your settings and switch on notifications number one consciousness There are trillions of in the human brain. connections in the brain, and they never stop. to stun and confuse us our brains can ponder not just our being itself, as well as the existence of Nature, stars, and the sky awareness permits us to make and to destroy at times it makes us require 20 minutes to choose what to have for supper it even keeps little duplicates of our life altering situations named recollections envision memory as a film The bit of reel short-term memory is at any given time, film projected on a screen moment long haul memory happens when the reel is put away in the middle between the transient memory is changed over into long haul memory through a memory the process of hardening known as consolidation there are numerous questions encompassing these psychological gifts and how we experience cognizance all the more comprehensively despite the fact that these procedures may be key to understanding our spot in the universe it's not appearing as though we'll break the case at any point in the near future this is the most difficult issue maybe in science and theory we can't anticipate settling it overnight But I think we'll figure it out, out in the long run.
By Ibok Gerard5 days ago in Earth
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